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Nov 28, 1500
Native Regime
The Iroquois lived in a matriarchal society where the leadership and decisions were in the responsibility of the women. The Algonquians lived in a patriarchal society where the father played a vital leadership role. -
Period: Nov 28, 1500 to
Official Power & Countervailing Power
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French Regime
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Power Relations Between the Amerindians and the Colonial Administrators
Alliances were formed in order to protect the economic interests in the Fur Trade. The French and the Hurons were allied and fought against the Iroquois and British over the control of the Fur Trade territory and lost. -
Power Relations Between the Church and State
The Church was involved in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council. New France was under the system where the companies who held monopoly which was destroying New France. The king ended this monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who was in charge of all colonies overseas. He then decided to implement the Royal Government which meant that France would have more power and make more money, and New France would be a stronger colony. -
Royal Government
The King and the Minister of Marine would remain in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France directly.
The Sovereign council was made up of the following members:
Governor, Intendant, Bishop.
Not on the Council but still had power was the Captain of Militia -dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
Power Relations Between the Colony and the Mother Country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony.
Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make.
the people who moved to New France from France are much happier because in New France, everyone had to become very independent therefore they became their own distinct set of people called Canadians. -
Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
British Regime
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Articles of Capitulation
When the war between French and English was over the King of England told the head of the army, James Murray, to be in charge until the war in Europe was over. His rules were called the articles of capitulation.
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave
4. The people who stayed would become British subjects -
Treaty of Paris
After the 7 years war ended, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris which gave all of the territory of New France to Britain except for St-Pierre and Miquelon. -
Royal Proclamation
1.Gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2.Decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
3.Put in place a civilian Government to run the new colony:
(King chooses Governor; Governor chooses Executive Council)
4.English Criminal and English Civil laws were applied.
5.Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6.No new Bishop would be allowed
7.No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
James Murray's Changes
Murray found that the Royal Proclamation wouldn't work because only 1% of the population was English and Protestant. James Murray bent the rules to make the French who were Roman Catholic content. The changes he made were allowing a new Bishop, changing the laws to French civil, English criminal. -
Guy Carleton
The English were upset that James Murray didn't favour them so they asked London for a new governor so they sent in Guy Carleton. Despite their wishes/expectations, Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray had put into action. He had a special reason to be tolerant towards the French, he wanted tp have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their independence. -
Quebec Act
Whole thing is designed to keep the Canadians from joining the Americans in revolting by:
1. Enlarges the area of Quebec
2. Denied an elected assembly
3. Appointed council (min.17 members) (appointed by the governor/king)
4. French civil laws were in stated; tithe and seigniorial system are back
5. Test Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal to him and could hold office) -
American Independance
In the 13 colonies Britain wanted to place strict control over the taxes and trade. The Americans wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley and up until 1763 the Americans needed Britain to protect then from the French. Now that they didn't need b=Britain anymore they kept getting more and more upset and then finally after the Quebec Act, they decided to declare their independance. -
Loyalists
They moved north to the only British colony left in North America, Quebec. 36000 loyalists came to Canada and 6000 loyalists came to Quebec.
- The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (10%)
- They settled according to the Township system.
- They gave their settlements English names.
- The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
- They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change and after years of complaining they got their wish. -
Constitutional Act
Province of Quebec was split up into two parts;
-- Upper Canada, that was entirely English (20 000 ppl), would be all protestants and would use the township system with English civil laws.
-- Lower Canada, that was mostly French (160 000 ppl), would keep the French religion (Catholism), people could work in administration. -
Representative Government
Governor: appointed by the paliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, has veto power, calls assemblies into session.
Lieutenant Governor: acted as deputy governor.
Executive Council: appointed by the Governor, advised by Governor.
Legislative Council: appointed, approved or rejected laws from the assembly.
Legislative Assembly:people elected every 4 years, could approve or disapprove taxes, and could create laws.
Ordinary people, for the first tome, had a say in the government. -
Faults in the Representative Government
Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his Council had veto power.
The two sides had different interests:
- The wealthy governors & council members thought about investing money in big business+tax property
WHEREAS…
- The legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property and didn’t want to invest in such large projects that wouldn’t benefit them
This was worse in Lower Canada because of language issues. -
92 Resolutions
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands) their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from the elected assembly) and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. He sent these resolutions to London. -
Russell's 10 Resolutions
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions (solutions which didn’t solve any of the Patriotes main demands, in fact it gave more power to councils)
→ This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
The Rebellions of 1837-1838
Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down.
Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis, St-Eustache the rebellion was put down.
The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail. They were poorly organized and equiped.
Results:
12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
58 were exiled to Australia -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The two Canada’s should be united (eng. now have majority)
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union
- Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada).
- Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
- Governor still had control and veto power
- Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Canada West owed 10X).
→ Conflict occurred very quickly. -
Responsible Government
Responsible Government was adopted slowly:
1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly.
1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister (majority holder) to have executive powers. The structure of Responsible Government:
Responsible government is when the governor is responsible and doesn’t use his veto power over everything -
Politics in the 1860s
The political system became responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government. The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things. (Charlottetown Conference, Quebec Conference, London Conference) -
The Charlottetown Conference
In September, 1864, the leaders of Canada East and Canada West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island) and they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. They decided it was a good idea and wanted to try it out. -
The Quebec Conference
In October, 1864, the same members of last time agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible. (A federal system, 24 seats to each colony with a total of 72 seats, an assembly elected by "rep by pop", and a railway between colonies). The conferences went well but the people weren't so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards. (Newfoundland and PEI withdrew, Dorion's Parti Rouge opposed the federation, and the assembly of the Canada's passed conferderation narrowly.) -
Contemporary Period
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Section 91-92
The Federal Government had certain responsibilities as did the provinces. These are listed in Sections 91-92. Section 91 (Federal) responsiblities were defense, banking and money, postal service, and criminal law. Section 92 (provincial) responsibilities were municipal institutions, hospitals, and property and civil rights. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the dederal and provincial fovernments. The Federal Government a=could also disallow any provincial law. -
The London Conference
In 1867, the leaders of the four colonies met to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new "self-governing" colony. This is the Dominion of Canada. With it's capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. Passed on March 29, came into existence in Canada on July 1st, 1867. Containing 4 provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia). The other provinces would join between 1870 and 1949. -
Power relations between union movements and state
First strikes and partial legalization of unions (1872), implantation of American unions (1880). Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour (from 1886 to 1889). Union demands regarding health and safety laws (C.S.S.T.), for the protection of children, union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders. Anti-Labour Laws: Padlock Law (1937), right to strike, use of police against the strikers. Adoption of the Labour Relations Act (1944). -
Indian Act
A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims related to the exploitation of natural resources. -
National Policy
Federal Government needed to unify these different provinces. Time were tough (trade was down, unemployment inc, economic recession). John A. MacDonald (conservative party) formed a plan to promote national unity. The 3 main points of it were increasing custom duties, build railways, and to encourage immigration. -
The Northwest Rebellions
John A Macdonald (first Prime Minister of Canada) took many provincial powers and created many political enemies because he wanted a lot of power. Some provinces wanted out of the Dominion. Canada's government wanted to expand to the west by making the Transcanada railway but the metis were living there so the metis got really mad and Louis Riel (Metis leader) decided to rebel, (there were 2 rebellions both unsuccessful). Afterwards, John A. Macdonald executed Louis Riel because he was a rebel. -
Power relations between the feminist movements and the state
-Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes.
-1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
-1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women);
-1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
Power relations between the media and the state
In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda). In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties.The media is for many the 4th power. -
Power relations between the movement for social justice and the state
-Early 20th century, associated with communism, union movements and feminism.
-1930: the depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations.
-Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen (Commission des normes du travail, Régie du Logement, etc.). -
World War One (1914-1918)
-Forced to fight because Britain joined the war
-Concription crisis which forced people to join the war
-French didnt want to fight
-Woman's rights imporved. (Took men's place in work force & could vote in place of their husband). In 1918, women and men were allowed to vote in federal elections.
-Improvement in the economy (building stuff for war (transforming factories)). Rise in population because men came back from war.
-Britain rewards Canada for participating with Statue of Westminister -
World War Two (1939-1945)
This was was over a high ethical issue (Holocaust). This war brought Canada out of depression . Canada volunteered to join and was not forced by Britain. Woman were involved (Woman's movement). There was another conscription crisis (French) - they never actually saw battle. Food is rationaed. There was post war prosperity and Europe rebuilt it's economy. There was a natural increase in population and immigration and there were baby-boomers. -
Role of the Church
The Church continued to control the education, hospitals, orphanages, and welfare services. It was also influential in government, unions, and the caisses populaires. The Church contrinued to promote large families, rural life and Christian valules. -
Role of the State
The government led by Maurice Duplessis continued to believe that the state should not intervene in either the social or economic sectors (only wanted the church to be in charge). Consequently, its role was basically a supporting one, which consisted of offering subsidies to the Church and favourable conditions for investment purposes. -
Maurice Duplessis
He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs. Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment. Two groups went against Duplessis. -
Union Leaders
They accuse Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Throughout this period there were numerous strikes in Quebec. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers. -
Intellectuals and Journalists
Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. Maurice Duplessis founded the Union Nationale party (separatist party) and was premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and from 1944 to 1959. During these periods, Duplessis defended provincial autonomy over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions. -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union National by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from early to the late 1960s. There was an increase in government intervention.
-Modernizing Quebec's educatinal system
-Weaken the influence of the Church
-Hydro-Quebec became goverment owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro -
Power relations between financial circles and the state: Reciprocal influence
-Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks.
-The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage.
-From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees. -
Power relations between nationalist movements and the state
Quebecers=proud(past achievements)so there were nationalists movements that were developed.Groups were formed to advocate independence.Terrorists organizations were also formed like F.L.Q.which targeted military establishments in the Montreal area.The main goal was to attain independence for Quebec.In 1967,the General de Gaulle of France came to Montreal and sated“Vive le Quebec libre”which caused Quebecers to go into uproar.1966:Rene Levesque-Mouvement Souverainte association-Parti Quebecois -
Power relations between environmentalist groups and the state
-Since 1970, pressure from environmental groups (measures and laws to protect the environment) and their impact on the population via the media influences public policy. 1970: Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec.
-2002: ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada.
-Environmental movements present in Quebec: Greenpeace, the Green Party, l’Action Boréale, etc. -
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (1975) grants more political powers to the Cree and Inuit; the repatriation of the Constitution (1982) formally recognizes certain aboriginal rights without ending their claims, The Peace of the Brave (2002) recognizes their rights on their territory in exchange for financial compensation for the exploitation of natural resources. -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state
Since1867:Dominance of English in business&politics+protection of the English minority in Quebec in the constitution.
Religious&linguistic character of the education system; Since the 1970s, disagreement between immigrants&French-speaking Quebecers about the place of French in education.
1974:Bill 22 proclaimed French the only official language in Quebec(limits access to English schools)
1977:the law 101 gives the French language priority(Charte de la langue)
Quebecers=upset(job opportunities) -
Oka Crisis
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however issues remained. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
