-
(late 15th century) The Ottoman turks had taken over constantinople, located directly on the trail once used to go to Asia. This made it impossible to travel over land without confronting the Turks.
-
Iroquois: -Semi sedentary
-Stayed for 10-15 years in one area, then moved on
when they ran out of ressources
-Stayed in the more Southern regions, where fertile
soil is abundant
-Included tribes like the Mohawk, Senesca -
Algonkians: -Several tribes, including Algonquin, Cree, Ottawa,
Micmac
-Nomadic
-Patrilineal society
-Hunter-gatherers
-Often lived in Northern regions since fertile soil
was unecessary
-Lived in small groups, loged in wigwams -
Items and equipment such as the caravel, astrolabe, compass, musket and cannon made traveling in the ocean without today's modern technology possible.
-
Merchants: interested in trading and finding new riches in the new colony. Scholars: Interested in imporving their intelligence and learing about the new colony. Clergy: They wanted to spread the influence of Catholicism to the new colony and its inhabitants. Superpowers: Interested in the wealth, land and power.
-
Jacques set out to find a new route to Asia, claim territory for the king of France of find riches like precious metals, spices. In his first voyage, he explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, did not find any REAL gold, but found much timber, fish and fur.
-
Natives: They taught the Europeans to survive the winter, survive and treat diseases, how to farm, make clothing, hunt animals, travel using canoes. Europeans: They taught the Natives how to use weapons, how to use iron utensils, religion, alcohol.
-
On his second voyage, he sailed up the St-Lawrence, reached Stadacona (Quebec). The natives taught the europeans how to survive the winter and diseases like scurvy.
-
On his third voyage, he attempted to establish a colony but was unsuccessful, and missionaries attempted to convert the natives.
-
France did not succeed in finding gold in the new territory.
-
The king sends a voyage to Nova Scotia in order to establlsh a trading posts for furs, but the efforts were futile because of inconvenience.
-
Samuel de Champlain returns after the failed Port Royal and establishes a trading post in Stadacona (present day Quebec City). It flourished and became known as New France.
-
New France and France, led by the the King of France, used MERCANTALISM as their economic system. This meant that the King of France made profit of taxes and sales in the colony. The Thirteen Colonies used an open economy where theinhabitants made money off their business transactions.
-
Initally, the main export to France was fish that was salted (rich) or dried (poor). Shortly after, fur became the main export because it was perfect for making beaver pelt hats.
-
The Royal Government is the first government utilized to govern New France is put in place by the French king. To govern the New France, a Governor whohad hand in military affairs, militia, construction, external relations with neighboring colonies, an Intendant who was in charge of civil administration settlement and economical development and justice, and the Bishop was in charge of schooling, charities, religion and health care.
-
A new system of land divison was created called the seigneurial system. The Captain of Militia was in charge of the farmers (militia) and the seigneurs would receive rent from the censitaires (farmers) who rented land there. The format of the seigneuries was rectagular and near the water.
-
New France's population was not developping so they sent itendant Jean Talon to increase the population. Between 1663 and 1673, he sent thousands of young female orphans in order to balance out the male/female ratio in New France. These orphans were know as the ''Filles du Roy''
-
The popualtion of New France was very weak since France wouldn't send in troups during the Seven Year war. The population of the Thirteen Colonies however was very high. The economy of New France was very restricted and centered on furs. The economy in the Thirteen Colonies however was thriving and free.
-
Was between England and France IN EUROPE that lasted seven years
-
The 4th intercolonial war takes place on the Plains of Abraham where the French, led by General Montcalm, and the English, led by General Wolff, fought for an hour. The French retreat to Montreal.
-
The frech soldiers who retreated to montreal after the hour long war on the Plains of Abraham capitulated in 1760 in Montreal
-
A document was written to state rules of the french loss.
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
All the french stayed except the Elite. This is because these french citizens had lived their whole lives in New France, and had nothing to return to France. -
For these three years, the war in Europe still continued. The french and english people of New France were waiting for there fate to be decided. However, for the time being, James Murray was in control in New France.
-
The signing of the Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Year War in Europe, with the English as the victors. All territory of New France is given to the King of England, except St. Pierre and Miquelon.
-
In the attempt to assimilate the 99% of French that occupied the newly claimed land, the Royal Proclamtion was instilled.
1- Colony become Province of Québec
2- Borders are just around the Saint Laurence River
3- Governor chose his counsel of five english men
4- English criminal and civil laws put in place
5- Unused land divided using Township system
6- No new Bishop allowed
7- No Roman Catholics allowed in public office -
The English were unhappy with James Murray's laws and concessions, so they demanded a new governor, who was Guy Carleton. Guy Carleton looked over James Murray's changes in rules and completely agreed. Also, the English were beginning to rebel, so he wanted to keep the French loyal.
-
James Murray realised that this assimilation attempt was very unrealistic considering that 99 % of the population was French. So he gave the French concessions;
1- A new Bishop was allowed.
2- Allowed French laws in lower courts
3- Did not call the governors assembly since it benefitted the English. -
The Quebec Act was adopted to gain the favour and loyalty of the French in Québec, and it beneiftted them in every way.
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly-Appointed council (min.17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back-Test Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office) -
Reasons leading to Thirteen Colony discontent:
- Quebec Act
- Wanted Western expansion into Ohio Valley
- Britain wanted to place restrictions on trading Thirteen Colonies demand independance in 1776 and rebel. -
The Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Versailles grating the Thirteen Colonies indeoendance. People who were loyal to the King, LOYALISTS, had to find a new place to live. They emmigrated to Quebec. They were used to Enlish laws and elected assembly. They petitioned to the governor and got their wish.
-
Seperates Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada. Lower Canada: Mainly french, french laws, catholic religion, worked in the admin. Upper Canada; Mainly English, english laws, township systems, protestantism.
-
Governor-appointed by parliament, commanded forces, administration, called assemblies. Veto power each Canada had:
Lieutenant Governor-Acted as deputy governor
Executive Council-appointed by Governor, advised Governor,
Legislative Council-appointed, approve or reject laws form the assembly
Legislative Assembly-elected, approve or reject or create laws -
-veto power of the governor made legislative assembly's job worthless
-Governors wanted to tax properties, Legislative assembly wanted to tax goods.
-*in lower canada: Legislative assembly was french which caused language issues -
British were still upset about losing colonies and the birth of the United States. The british attacked ships thought to be trading with France and forced the crew to serve as english military. This made the Americans furious and wanting revenge. \Americans attack Canadian settlements and candians attack America. RESULTS:
War ends in stalemate
Canada boosts economy
Canadians feel safe under british reign
American expansion still feared. -
IN 1815, the Irish potato famine left many irish in Ireland desperate for food and money. So they emmigrated to Canada and brought over many diseases, took many jobs and made Upper Canada's population higher than Lower Canada's
-
By 1830, Lower Canada become unhappy because the representative government allowed the representatives to be elected, but the veto power made it so that they held no real power. There were two groups that formed: The British and Patriot parties. These two groups were very different and could never agree and the Patriotes started speaking of a rebellion.
-
The leader of the Patriots Louis Joseph Papineau wrote the 92 resolutions in which the main demand was responsible government (the members of the coucil were chosen from the elected assembly).
-
In 1837, John Russel responded to the 92 resolutions with The 10 Resolutions where he didn't give the Patriots what the wanted and gave more power to the councils. The Patriots were insulted and rebelled.
-
William Lyon Mackenzie lead Upper Canada Rebellions but didn't last long. The Lower Canada Rebellions lasted a little longer, but they still lost. 12 patrots were hung, 58 exiled to Australia
-
Lord Durham was sent to Canada to study the political instability and made the following recommencations:
-Merge the two Canadas to assimiilate the French
-Grant Responsible Government
-Increase immigration to assimilate the French -
- Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West
- Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
- Governor still had control and veto power
- Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Cdn West owed more)
-
Canada's preferential trade with britain ends in 1854 and they establish Free Trade (No customs or duties)
Canada signs the Treaty of Reciprocity with the US (no customs or duties between the two countries)
