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40 aboriginal nations agreed to consider the king of france their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their disputes and help France in wars.
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End of the war of Spanish Succession. Treaty of Utrecht is when Britain gets control of Hudson’s Bay area, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, from France.
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7 years war broke out in the colonies and ended in 1763.
France focuses its efforts in Europe so New France is left to defend itself (basically)
Wolfe (english general) and Montcalm (french general) fight in Plains of Abraham after the french realized the british were too powerful, they hid in the fortification of Quebec, but they were caught off guard because the British found a passage that would allow them to get their troops on mainland, so they were forced to fight and the french lost. -
Wolfe (english general) and Montcalm (french general) fight in Plains of Abraham after the french realized the british were too powerful, they hid in the fortification of Quebec, but they were caught off guard because the British found a passage that would allow them to get their troops on mainland, so they were forced to fight and the french lost.
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French militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
The French military would lay down their arms and leave.
The people could still practice their Roman Catholic religion but the Bishop would have to leave.
The people who stayed would become British subjects.
The French Elite left because they could afford to do so and had a chance to still live as elite in France.
New France is now under BRITISH MILITARY CONTROL. -
The British King needed something to control the French population → Royal Proclamation
- Creates The Province of Quebec for all the french to live in but they remain british subjects.
- Decreases the borders
- No more governor and intendant, now a civilian government
- English criminal and civil laws were applied.
- No new bishop would be allowed.
- No Roman Catholics could work in the executive council unless taking the test act
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American Revolution is happening so the King fears that the French will join the 13 colonies rebellion.. Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty
Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again.
Still denied an elected assembly
Did allow for an appointed council
French civil laws were re-instated
Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance to prove their loyalty. -
After the American war of independence, many people remain loyal to the king of britain and do not want to remain in America. Where do they go? The only british colony left is Canada.
36,000 loyalists came to Canada
They settled in the Maritimes or around Great Lakes
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (west of montreal or eastern townships) With american independence, south of great lakes belongs to US ! -
Governor James Murray bent the rules to please the French because they were the majority in the military and he needed their loyalty, but since the King didn’t like this, he replaced him with Guy Carleton who did not change Murray’s rules because he agreed with his ways.
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Representative government
Still have elected assembly but must be approved by the council and then Governor General could say yes or no.
Lieutenant governor acted as deputy governor to advise him.
Legislative council - also appointed, approved and rejected laws from the assembly.
Legislative assembly - people elected every 4 years. Had the power to approve or disapprove taxes. Had the right to create laws.
Ordinary people - right to vote for the first time, but only land-owning men over 21. -
Immigrant ship brought diseases like cholera and killed 5500 people.
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Louis Joseph Papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur) the leader of Parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly. The main demand was for Responsible Government → members on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by people would be responsilbe for its decisions. No power of veto!
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crops failed - Canadians face starvation
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Since crops are failing and people are facing starvation, it is now an economic depression and the English merchants are being blamed.
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Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada)
Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
Governor still had control and veto power
Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts -
The Governor at the time, Lord Elgin (1848), would be the first to not use his power of veto and let the Prime Minister have executive power.
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The British North American Act created a federal dominion.
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Since men are at war, they do not have enough votes so the women are aloud to vote for the first time!
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Now women have the right to not only vote provincially but federally as well even after the men are back from war.
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Maurice Duplessis is premier and hydro quebec is founded.
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FLQ believed that the only way to achieve independence through violent acts. The FLQ are extremists/radicalists.
FLQ kidnapped James Cross (british diplomat) and Pierre Laporte (journalist) -
Bourassa in 1974 makes french official language of Quebec.
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This law was implemented to force immigrant children to go to an all french public school and forced large companies to adopt french amd imposed french on public signs.
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Referendum on sovereignty association (Rene Levesque’s PQ)
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The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec, Canada.
