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Napolean overthrew Spanish Bourbons and weakened Spanish authority in the New World. -
The Napoleonic Code guaranteed equality under the law established a bicameral legislature. This pleased neither side: liberals said he hadn’t gone far enough and ultraroyalists criticized any compromise. -
Ferdinand battled the Cortes (legislature) and even tore up the constitution. Army officers and middle-class merchants eventually overthrew him -
Voting was restricted by the landed gentry, newly expanding cities were wildly underrepresented -
Tories passed the Corn Law, therefore placing high tariffs on foreign grain, this benefitted the landowners but devastated the poor with rising prices. -
In reaction, university professors and students formed the Burschenschaften for a free, united Germany -
Led by José de San Martin against the Spanish. -
They honored the 300th anniversary of Luther’s 95 Theses by burning conservative books -
Quadruple Alliance agreed to lift the occupation of France and became the Quintuple Alliance -
Led by Simón Bolivar against the Spanish -
Troops attacked 60,000 people protesting against the Corn Law, killing 11. Parliament reacted by clamping down on demonstrations and the distribution of pamphlets. -
Closed the Burschenschaften, censored the press, kept an eye on universities -
The Quintuple Alliance met to deal with revolutions in Spain and Italy. The Principle of Intervention is discussed, but no action is taken. -
Great Britain refused to approve intervention. Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized Austria to invade Naples. -
Led by Simón Bolivar against the Spanish -
Led by José de San Martin against the Spanish. -
Greeks revolted against the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire -
Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized France to invade Spain. -
The French successfully restore Ferdinand to the throne -
He indemnified the nobles whose lands were lost in the Revolution and encouraged the Catholic Church to return to its role in controlling French education -
All achieved by this date. Britain kept others from intervening, proposed jointly protecting Latin America along with U.S. President Monroe rejected Britain, proposed the Monroe Doctrine, guaranteed their freedom, and protected against European intervention. Britain merchants moved in and dominated Latin America’s economy -
Previously Enlightened, but turned reactionary. He caused the formation of secret societies. His older brother, Nicholas takes the throne. This causes a rebellion and Russia becomes even more reactionary as a result. -
A combined British-French fleet defeated the Ottoman armada -
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Russia invaded Ottoman-controlled Moldavia and Wallachia -
Allowed Russia, France, and Britain to decide Greece’s fate -
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By 1830, Whigs had begun to receive support from the industrial middle class while Tories remained highly conservative -
