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The Spanish Armada was a huge 130 naval fleet that sailed from Spain to invade England. The King of Spain, Phillip II, sent out his fleet to strip his enemy’s crown, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Also, he wanted to switch England back to being Catholic after Elizabeth changed it to Protestant. The Spanish fleet set sail but was met with terrible weather and storms, they were outsmarted by the English fleet and retreated back to Spain with the least one-third of the ships sunken or damaged. -
Henry IV signed and issued the Edict of Nantes in response to religious violence. This document ensured a large measure of religious liberty to Protestants (or Huguenots). -
Queen Elizabeth I of England was the last Tudor descendant. She did not have any children and did not marry. This is mostly because she wanted to get back at her deranged father who abandoned her as a child and exiled her mother to a prison. Once she died, her distant relatives from Scotland came into power. The first Stuart monarch of England was, James I. -
The Thirty Years' War sparked when religion divided the German states: Protestants in the North and Catholics in the South. Also, it erupted when two Catholic royal officials were thrown out a window (defenestration) of the Hradčany Castle. -
The Sun King, Louis XIV, starts building his lavish palace filled with luxury statues, paintings, chandeliers, and mirrors. -
The English Civil War sparked from two causes, religious and political. For the religious aspect, it was for the execution of the chief minister. Politically, it was for parliament who declared that Long Parliament could not be dissolved without their own consent and abolished all bishops. -
Treaties that ended with a general European peace and settled other international problems. -
Oliver Cromwell has King Charles I beheaded.He won the popularity of the people of England due to his leadership throughout the English Civil War. -
Peter the Great took full control of the Russian throne as an inheritant. The Russians were not quite ready for the big change that is just about to happen, westernization.
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The English Bill of Rights ensured that parliament was superior to the monarch, no taxes without consent, parliamentary law wouldn’t be suspended, all were subject to due process/habeas corpus, and no Catholics would sit on the throne. This bill was first signed by William and Mary. This was a huge turning point for England. -
Swore, “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution” this oath led to a lot of change in France, good but mostly bad. It forced Louis XVI to accept the National Assembly, the crisis deepened and more suspicion and rumors came up, economic problems worsened, and food shortages were at their worst. -
There was a rumor that royal troops were going to take the capital, so 800 Parisians demanded release of weapons supposedly inside the prison. The commander of the Bastille open fired into the crowd and the citizens did not find any weapons inside. Even though this was not extremely successful, it is now the symbol of the French Revolution and represented the steps toward freedom. -
This declaration stated that all men were born free and equal in rights, everyone had natural rights, government exists to protect the natural rights of citizens, the equal right of men to hold office, and freedom of religion to be levied according to the ability to pay. This was a huge step toward the freedom of France.
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Some women who sold fish as a living were poor, hungry, and tired. They marched to Versailles to get bread and to bring the King back to Paris to show his how terrible the living conditions are there. Successfully, they did all these things. This was important because it shows that women had a big role in the revolution. -
Drafted by the National Assembly, the French Constitution is born! This is a symbol of prosperity and freedom for the French.
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Louis XVI was found fleeing France to go to Austria with his family. Once he got caught, the people of France did not agree with him trying to flee. Therefore, he was put on trial as a traitor and was beheaded. -
The Reign of Terror was caused by a multitude of things. The Committee of Public Safety was to punish all “enemies of the state” which led to thousands of people getting executed. Maximillien Robespierre led the Terror which caused a division in the two political parties, the Jacobins and the Girondins. -
Napoleon used his skills to blind the citizens of France to think he was their only answer to the end revolution. He seized political power in a 1799 coup d'état and then he crowned himself emperor in 1804. -
Napoleon hoped to persuade Tsar Alexander I of Russia to stop trading with British merchants through proxies in effort to have the United Kingdom to sue for peace. He invaded Russia, and with lack of supplies, bad weather, etc he went home defeated. -
Napoleon was defeated again at the Battle fo Waterloo. European powers did not want to take anymore chances with him and his possible return. So, they exiled him to the island of St. Helena.