The History of Europe

Henry II

Dec 6, 1189

desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades

The Visconti Family

Period: Oct 8, 1277 to Oct 8, 1447

rose to power in Milan where several related branches still exist

Francesco Petrarch

Jun 6, 1374

Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists

The Great Schism

Dec 6, 1378

Appearnace of rival popes (up to three)

Renaissance Art (two types)

Dec 6, 1400

• Chiaroscuro perspective
o Use of light and shadows to move objects forward
• Linear Perspective
o Use of objects moving into the background

Issues in the Catholic Church

Period: Dec 6, 1400 to Dec 6, 1700

Indulgences, Nepotism, Simony, Clerical Immorality, and Absenteeism were all reasons that people were upset with the Catholic church before and during the protestant revolution. They inspired leaders such as John Calvin and Martin Luther and gave them issues to help convert people to thier cause.

Brothers of Common Life

Dec 6, 1420

o Roman Catholic pietistic religious community founded in the Netherlands in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ.

Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464)

Sep 10, 1434

first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance; also known as "Cosimo 'the Elder'"

Sforza Family

Period: Oct 8, 1450 to Oct 8, 1535

Ruled harshly and dominated the smaller cities of the North. Left a major impact on Milan (type of government).

Witch Hunts

Period: Dec 7, 1450 to Dec 7, 1750

The classical period of witchhunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial North America falls into the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 100,000 executions.

Slavery

Period: Dec 7, 1450 to Dec 7, 1800

Fueled largely by the colonial system and plantation's need for cheap labor. thousands of African were transported from thier native lands via cramped ships. Many of these slaves ended up in America, Brazil, and the West Indies.

Treaty of Lodi

Apr 9, 1454

Peace between Naples Milan and Florence

Henry the Navigator

Nov 13, 1460

Infante Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu, better known as Henry the Navigator was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire

Florentine Paltonic Academy

Oct 8, 1462

a group of scholars in mid-15th-century Florence who met under the leadership of the outstanding translator and promulgator of Platonic philosophy Marsilio Ficino, to study and discuss philosophy and the classics. They considered themselves as an extension of Plato's Academy in Greece

Johann Gutenberg

Dec 6, 1468

Invented and introduced the printing press to Europe

Dante and the divine comedy

Apr 11, 1472

an allegory telling of Dante's journey through Heaven, guided by Beatrice, who symbolizes theology. Very influential and popular

lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492)

Sep 10, 1492

an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance

Christopher Columbus

Dec 6, 1492

Spanish explorer who discovered the New World

League of Venice

Oct 8, 1495

alliance of several opponents of French hegemony in Italy, arranged by Pope Alexander VI. League of Cambrai, anti-Venetian alliance that included Louis XII of France, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand I of Spain, created by Pope Julius II.

Girolamo Savonarlola

Oct 8, 1498

Dominican preacher convinced the most fearful Florentines that the French king's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified vengeance on their immortality.

Ludovico

Oct 8, 1499

o gained his power through manipulation and political corruption. However, he was known for commissioning "The Last Supper" and supporting the arts and culture in Italy. When he invited the French into Italy in hopes of extending his power, it led to the demise of the Italian Renaissance.

Amerigo Vespucci

Dec 6, 1512

Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts

Ferdinand Magellan

Dec 6, 1522

Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier

Oct 8, 1528

Very influential and widely read book discussing life in the Italian Court

Charles V and the Diet of Augsburg

Dec 6, 1530

the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Augsburg. There were many such sessions, but the three meetings during the Reformation and the ensuing religious wars between the Roman Catholic emperor Charles V and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the early 16th century are especially noteworthy.

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Dec 6, 1530

English political figure and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner

Huguenots

Dec 6, 1530

French Protestants. The tide of the Reformation reached France early in the sixteenth century and was part of the religious and political fomentation of the times.

Schmalkaldic League

Feb 27, 1531

an alliance of Lutheran German princes against Charles V

Ulrich Zwingli

Dec 6, 1531

Swiss leader of the Reformation, based in Zurich. He denied the Eucharistic presence, holding that the Communion was merely a commemoration of Christ's death

Elizabeth I

Period: Sep 7, 1533 to Mar 24, 1603

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Thomas More

Jul 6, 1535

venerated by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist

Desiderius Erasmus

Jul 12, 1536

Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar and wrote in a pure Latin style

William Tyndale

Dec 6, 1536

English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English

Thomas Cromwell

Dec 6, 1540

1st Earl of Essex, KG, was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation

Society of Jesus (Ignatius Loyola)

Dec 6, 1540

founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Nicholas Copernicus

May 24, 1543

Martin Luther

Dec 6, 1546

German friar, priest, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Famous for his 95 Theses

Schmalkaldic Wars

Period: Dec 6, 1546 to Dec 6, 1547

the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

Henry VIII

Dec 6, 1547

King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France

Peace of Augsburg

Dec 6, 1548

rulers of a German region can choose Catholicism of Lutheranism for their region.

Scientific Revolution

Period: Dec 7, 1550 to Dec 7, 1700

the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Martin Bucer

Dec 6, 1551

German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices.

Edward VI

Dec 6, 1553

King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine

Thomas Cranmer

Dec 6, 1556

a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

Dec 6, 1558

Started a Catholic Reformation in Britain

Coucil of Trent

Dec 6, 1563

held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

John Calvin

Dec 6, 1564

Swiss leader of the Reformation, based in Zurich. He denied the Eucharistic presence, holding that the Communion was merely a commemoration of Christ's death

Battle of Lepanto

Oct 7, 1571

St. Bartholomew's day massacre

Dec 24, 1572

Pacification of Ghent

Nov 8, 1576

United Republic of the Netherlands

Period: Oct 8, 1581 to Oct 8, 1795

confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. These latter were governed directly by the States-General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States-General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. Cooperated and had high religious tolerance. they also served as a central point of the capitalist European market.

Philip II and Spanish Armada

Sep 13, 1598

During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Golden Age. The expression, "the empire on which the sun never sets," was coined during Philip's time to reflect the extent of his dominion. Philip is also known for organising a huge naval expedition against Protestant England in 1588, known usually as the Spanish Armada, which was unsuccessful, mostly due to storms and grave logistical problems.

Barouque Art

Dec 6, 1600

Began in Italy and included such artists as: Rembrandt, Rueben, Bernini, and Caravaggio

The Protestant Reformation

Period: Dec 6, 1600 to Dec 6, 1700

Schism from the traditional catholic church that swept Europe throughout the 16th century

Aristotle

Dec 7, 1600

Suggested a geocentric universe

Tycho Brahe

Oct 24, 1601

Elizabeth I

Dec 6, 1603

Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Act of Supremacy restored England to protestantism

The Steam engine appears

Dec 10, 1606

Henry IV

Dec 6, 1610

Baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, he inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on the death of his mother. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion, barely escaping assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army.

Defenestration of Prauge

May 23, 1618

In response, the defensors, appointed under the Letter of Majesty to safeguard Protestant rights, called an assembly of Protestants at Prague, where the imperial regents, William Slavata and Jaroslav Martinic, were tried and found guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty and, with their secretary, Fabricius, were thrown from the windows of the council room of Hradčany (Prague Castle) on May 23, 1618.

King James I

Oct 8, 1625

King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland

Francis Bacon

Apr 9, 1626

Louis XIV

Period: Sep 5, 1638 to Sep 1, 1715

One of the most prominent absolute monarchs, Louis XIV was the ruler of France who was responsible for many financial issues. He built the palace of Versailles, increased France's military, and controlled all of the nobles through careful manipulation.

Jansenists

Dec 7, 1638

Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638.

Grand Remonstrance

Dec 1, 1641

was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English Parliament on 1 December 1641, but passed by the House of Commons on 22 November 1641, during the Long Parliament; it was one of the chief events which were to precipitate the English Civil War.

Galileo Galilei

Jan 8, 1642

Galileo Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. He had many disputes with the church over his thoery of a heliocentric universe despite his devotion to his faith.

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army

Oct 8, 1645

intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country (including in Scotland and Ireland), rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians.

Peace of Westphalia

Oct 24, 1648

Charles I

Oct 8, 1649

King of Ireland, England, and Scotland until his execution in 1649. believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups

Rene Descartes

Feb 11, 1650

Heriditary Subjugation (Prussia)

Dec 10, 1653

Blaise Pascal

Aug 19, 1662

Blaise Pascal

Dec 10, 1662

Thomas Hobbes

Dec 4, 1679

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Dec 7, 1683

French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister.

Charles II and Staurt Restoration

Oct 8, 1685

Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic, and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain.

Glorius Revolution

Oct 8, 1688

also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England, VII of Scotland and II of Ireland by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).

English Bill of Rights

Oct 8, 1689

an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech.

James II

Oct 8, 1701

was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII,[3] from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.

John Locke

Oct 28, 1704

English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".

Pragmatic Sanction

Dec 10, 1713

Louis XIV

Oct 8, 1715

Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death

Peter the Great

Feb 8, 1725

Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized, and based on The Enlightenment.

Wesley began preaching methodism

Dec 12, 1738

The War of Jenkin's Ear

Period: Dec 10, 1739 to Dec 10, 1748

The War of austrian Succesion

Period: Dec 10, 1740 to Dec 10, 1748

The seven years war

Period: Dec 7, 1755 to Dec 7, 1764

The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763

The seven years war

Period: Dec 10, 1755 to Dec 10, 1764

A war fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia. Prussia and Britain won, and their victory greatly increased their power.

Diplomatic revokution of 1756

Dec 10, 1756

Reversal of longstanding European alliances following the war of Austrian succession.

The American Revolution

Period: Dec 7, 1765 to Dec 7, 1783

The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy and overthrew British rule.

Boston Massacre

Mar 5, 1770

Boston Tea Party

Dec 16, 1773

Lexington and Concord

Apr 19, 1775

Turgot's Six Edicts

Jan 10, 1776

Propose equl taxation and abolishments of class benefits.

Industrial Revolution

Period: Dec 7, 1780 to Dec 7, 1900

Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking.

Necker's Report to the King

Feb 10, 1781

Increased public interest and opinion about French financial crisis.

Necker Resigns

May 19, 1781

Yorktown

Oct 19, 1781

Effectively the end of the American Revolution.

Calonne Appointed as Minister of finanace

Nov 3, 1783

First Meeting of the Estates General

May 5, 1789

Third Estate declares itself to be the national assembly

Jun 17, 1789

Thia event marked the official start of the political revolution against the estates general and the royalty.

Tennis Court Oath

Jun 20, 1789

Louis XVI recognizes the national assembly

Jun 27, 1789

Bastille Day

Jul 14, 1789

A group of Parisians marches on the bastille to obtain weapons and ammunition and are shot at which causes them to strom the baastille.

Beggining of the great fear

Jul 17, 1789

The Assembly accepts the Declaration of Rights and Man

Aug 26, 1789

The beginning of the first republic!

Palace of Versailles Stormed

Oct 6, 1789

Parisian women angry over the price/lack of bread stormed the palace of Versailles and brought Louis back to Paris.

France declares war on Austria

Apr 17, 1792

start of the radical September massacres

Sep 3, 1792

Napoleon's Coup

Dec 10, 1799

After returning from Egypt without his troops Napoleon staged a coup to replace the Directory with the three consuls. Napoleon was the first consul and had almost complete approval of the people.

Enclosure Act

Dec 7, 1801

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

Concordat of 1801

Dec 12, 1801

Napoleonic Code

Dec 12, 1804

Results in Civil Code of 1804

Napoleon Crowns himself Emporer

Dec 12, 1804

Third Coalition is formed

Dec 12, 1805

Napoleon's invasion of Russia

Dec 12, 1812

This failed invasion lead directly to Napoleon's downfall and excile to Elba.

The Chater is established in France

Dec 12, 1814

Louis XVIII adopted the charter as a way to reconcile his regime with those who had benefitted from the revolution.

Congress of Vienna

Dec 12, 1814

Sponsored by Metternich as a way to maintain traditional monarchy in Europe. Helped shape the next period of revolution and counter-revolution in Europe.

Napoleon exiciled to Elba

Dec 12, 1815

Quickly began to create the same kind of efficient and passionate nation he had created in France.

Waterloo

Dec 12, 1815

Napoleon's defeat

Coercion Acts

Dec 12, 1817

Decemberist Revolt

Dec 12, 1825

English Factory act of 1833

Dec 12, 1833

Created new workday/labor restrictions.

The Communist Manifesto

Dec 12, 1848

Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles that created communism and was one of the most extreme forms of socialist movements of the time.

The revolutions of 1848

Dec 12, 1848

A series of violent nationalist revolts erupted across Europe. The grand majority of them were unsuccessful, however they often gained concessions from, and weakened thier governments.