Enlightenment in European history timeline

Jan 27, 1271

Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant traveller whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.
Apr 22, 1451

Queen Isabelle and King Ferdinand

Just three months after entering Granada, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus on an expedition to reach the Indies by sailing west. Spain entered a Golden Age of exploration and colonisation, the period of the Spanish Empire.
Jan 1, 1492

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.
Jan 27, 1497

Amerigo Vespucci

-Italian
-explored the new world
-america is named after him
Jan 27, 1517

Ferinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
Period: Jun 28, 1519 to Aug 27, 1556

Charles V's reign

-Charles V battled for the Catholic for many times
-devided the Empire to two parts because it was too cumbersome
-Spaiin, Netherlands and some southern Italian states stayed
Jun 29, 1558

Spanish Armanda defeated

As early as 1585, Philip had begun to prepare a great fleet that, under the Spanish commander Santa Cruz, would invade England. At first the aim of the Armada was to liberate the captive Queen of Scots, but when Mary was executed for conspiring Elizabeth's death in 1587, Philip planned to invade England in the name of his daughter, the Infanta Isabella. Philip believed he had a genuine claim to the English throne, both by descent from John of Gaunt, and as Queen Mary I's husband. The purpose of the mission was to depose Elizabeth, put Mary/Isabella on the throne, and make England Roman Catholic once again. The Queen's confidence in God and her people was rewarded. In the English channel, the Spanish were suffering a humiliating defeat. The weather was dreadful, with the wind and rain against them, and they were not able to compete with the superior English ships and war tactics. They fled in terror when fire ships were aimed at them. The only way back to Spain was the perilous journey around the coast of Scotland, and many a Spaniard never saw his home country again. The battle was over, the English had won.
Aug 24, 1572

St. Bartholomew's Day

King Charles IX of France, under the sway of his mother, Catherine de Medici, orders the assassination of Huguenot Protestant leaders in Paris, setting off an orgy of killing that results in the massacre of tens of thousands of Huguenots all across France. A list of those to be killed was drawn up, headed by Coligny, who was brutally beaten and thrown out of his bedroom window just before dawn on August 24. Once the killing started, mobs of Catholic Parisians, apparently overcome with bloodlust, began a general massacre of Huguenots. Charles issued a royal order on August 25 to halt the killing, but his pleas went unheeded as the massacres spread. Mass slaughters continued into October, reaching the provinces of Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Bourdeaux, and Orleans. An estimated 3,000 French Protestants were killed in Paris, and as many as 70,000 in all of France. The massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day marked the resumption of religious civil war in France.
Period: Jan 1, 1585 to Jan 1, 1588

Sir Walter Raleigh

Between 1585 and 1588, he invested in a number of expeditions across the Atlantic, attempting to established a coloby near Roanoke.
Jan 27, 1588

Thomas Hobbes

People are naturally greedy, cruel and selfish.

People signed a Social Contract, or an agreement that people will give up their freedom to live in an organized society.
Apr 13, 1598

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (French: Édit de Nantes), signed probably on 30 April 1598, by King Henry IV of France. While it granted certain privileges to Huguenots, the edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the established religion of France. Protestants gained no exemption from paying the tithe[6] and had to respect Catholic holidays and restrictions regarding marriage. The authorities limited Protestant freedom of worship to specified geographic areas. The Edict dealt only with Protestant and Catholic coexistence; it made no mention of Jews, or of Muslims, who were offered temporary asylum in France when the Moriscos were being expelled from Spain.
Jan 27, 1599

Oliver Cromwell

Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in late 1642, the beginning of the English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell established a republic with the Parliament ruling.
Jan 27, 1600

Charles I of England

Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. The Long Parliament proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach the king's leading counsellors of high treason.
It related to English Civil war.
Period: Jan 1, 1618 to Jan 1, 1648

Thirty Years War

-HRE and main countries of Europe were all involved
-was about religion (Martin Luther's reformation at once, later became the continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry
-resulted the decline of the Hapsburg and the rise of Swenden and France
Aug 29, 1632

John Locke

Believed people were not that bad…, everyone had Natural Rights- life, liberty, and property
Believed government’s main job was to protect citizens natural rights. If violated people could overthrow government.
Period: Jan 1, 1642 to Jan 1, 1651

English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government.
Period: Aug 22, 1642 to Sep 3, 1651

English Civil War

-the civil war between the parliament and the king
-led to the execution of King Charles I and the exile of Charles II
-the republican is established by Olivier Crownwell
-English Bill of Rights was passed from parliament to the king.
Oliver Cromwell led the war.
Jan 1, 1661

Louis XIV assumed sole responsibility for government

“L’etat, c’est moi” - “ I am the State”
Oct 27, 1685

revocation of the Edict of Nantes

The later revocation of the Edict of Nantes in October 1685 by Louis XIV, drove an exodus of Protestants, and increased the hostility of Protestant nations bordering France.
Jan 27, 1688

English Bill of Rights

On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right and Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688. The rights expressed in this Act and others became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen, and described as Fundamental Laws of England.
Jan 18, 1689

Baron De Montesquieu

Felt the best way for government to protect the rights of people was to split up the government into three branches: Judicial, Legislative, Executive
Jan 27, 1694

Voltaire

Wrote about how terrible human slavery was and how there should be religious freedom and freedom of speech.
Was sentenced to exile and wrote more about freedom of speech.
Jan 1, 1710

Versailles

Versailles became the home of the French nobility and the location of the royal court—thus becoming the centre of French government. Louis XIV himself lived there, and symbolically the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King's Bedchamber (La Chambre du Roi), which itself was centred on the lavish and symbolic state bed, set behind a rich railing not unlike a communion rail.
Jan 1, 1713

Peter the Great relocated the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg

Tsar Peter the Great founded Saint Petersburg on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. Between 1713–1728 and 1732–1918 Saint Petersburg functioned as the imperial capital of Russia.
Jan 1, 1721

Established Russian Orthodox church

-Peter the great abolished the patriarchate
-Peter took power from the Church, replaced it with the holy synod
-Peter establish the Orthodox Church
Apr 27, 1759

Mary Wollstonecraft

In 1792, she published her Vindication on the Rights of Woman, an important work which, advocating equality of the sexes, and the main doctrines of the later women's movement, made her both famous and infamous in her own time. She ridiculed prevailing notions about women as helpless, charming adornments in the household. Society had bred "gentle domestic brutes." "Educated in slavish dependence and enervated by luxury and sloth," women were too often nauseatingly sentimental and foolish. A confi
Period: Jan 1, 1800 to Jan 1, 1900

France became the weltheist country in Europe

-Jean-Baptiste Colbert the chief finacial advisor to King Louis contributed
-France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV
-French philosophers played a key role in the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century as well
Aug 6, 1806

Holy Roman Empire was dissolved

The empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon at Austerlitz (see Treaty of Pressburg).
Jan 27, 2016

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Felt that people were naturally good but were corrupted by society.
Society should not place nearly as many rules and restrictions on people. People will do what’s good for their community just naturally without rules and restrictions.
Jan 27, 2016

Adam Smith

Supported laissez faire- business should operate with little or no government interference
Government has three duties ONLY- protect society, administer justice, provide public works.