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Pepin takes control of Frank which confirms that his people had been behind the government the entire time. His sons Charlemagne and Carloman each received half of the empire after his death. -
After the Pope requested Charlemagne invades, Charlemagne did and conquered Lombard. Then Charlemagne announced himself Emperor of Lombard instead of finding someone else to rule over them. -
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the Holy Emperor making him even more powerful than he already was. Charlemagne held this title above the pope, and it seems that he forced the pope to give him the title. -
Pope Urban II summoned knights to defeat the Sejuk dynasty and protect the Christian faith. Many people willingly went and fought to protect the holy land without question. -
The First Crusade was declared by Pope Urban II. The Christians captured the holy land and put it under their control. This crusade was the first of many wars between Muslims and Christians.
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Education became much better for Christians. They would be taught in churches. They would listen to a bible verse or reading. Then they would interpret it and talk about it with the class and their teacher. -
The Second Crusade started with some European knights fighting in the Middle East and others fighting the Cordoban
Caliphate in the Iberian Peninsula. Saladin retook all of Jerusalem from the Europeans. -
The events at the end of the Second Crusade prompted the Third Crusade. The Europeans lost almost all of their territories to the Middle East and Saladin. They retreated to where they were until the Fourth Crusade.
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The Christian Army made one more attempt to recapture the Holy Land, and it again backfired. They ended up conquering the Byzantium Empire. These Crusades romanticized war among Christians and the church.
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The Buyids and the Seljuq Turks came to power after the last Abbasid was murdered. This led to the Ottoman Empire later in history. -
Charlemagne was probably the first proof of how popes and leaders made each other more powerful. The people saw popes as highly admirable since they were close to God. When popes gave kings and emperors honors, it made the people admire them since their leader honored them.