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Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. -
This king was famous for his six wives he had while trying to have a son.
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She was very well-educated (fluent in five languages), and had inherited intelligence, determination, and shrewdness from both parents.
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Granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion. -
Explores themes of honor, idealism, and the clash between reality and imagination. -
A group of Bohemian Protestants led by Count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn-Valsassina threw two Catholic governors and their secretary out of a top-floor window of Prague Castle.
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Legal petition asserting a right against the English crown. -
An English Parliament that lasted 20 years.
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He transformed the monarchy, ushered in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, annexed key territories, and established his country as the dominant European power.
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A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. -
An example of social contract theory, which states that people should give up their individual will and desires for the greater good. -
Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. -
He was determined that Russia become and remain a great European power and carried forward the Westernizing policies in a radical and uncompromising manner.
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The series of events in 1688-89 culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary. -
Outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. -
Locke proposed that government emerges from the consent of the government to protect their natural rights. -
Outstanding harpsichordist, organist, and expert on organ building. -
About a shipwrecked sailor in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe who lives for many years on a desert island. -
Satirising both human nature and the "travelers' tales" literary subgenre. -
Led his nation through multiple wars with Austria and its allies. -
Montesquieu was best known for The Spirit of Laws (1748), one of the great works in the history of political theory and of jurisprudence -
Indicates its aims and then presents definitions and histories of science and the arts. -
Fought between 1756 and 1763, this conflict can claim to be the original world war.
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The story of a gentle man who, though pummeled and slapped in every direction by fate, clings desperately to the belief that he lives in "the best of all possible worlds. -
The first truly British monarch of the Hanoverian kings.
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Asserts that only the general will of the people has the right to legislate, for only under the general will can the people be said to obey only themselves and hence be free. -
Was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter III.
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He was co‐regent of Austria with his mother Maria Theresa from 1765 and sole ruler from 1780 to 1790.
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It began as a street brawl between American colonists and a lone British soldier but quickly escalated to a chaotic, bloody slaughter. -
American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773, by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts. -
A series of four laws was passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. -
The first major military campaign of the American Revolutionary War, resulted in an American victory and an outpouring of militia support for the anti-British cause. -
His most famous book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, was published in 1776 and remains in print to this day. -
The Congress members affixed their signatures to this parchment inside the Pennsylvania State House, later renamed Independence Hall. -
Rebellion and political revolution in the Thirteen Colonies, which saw colonists initiate a war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Victory at Yorktown led directly to the peace negotiations that ended the war in 1783 and gave America its independence. -
Recognized U.S. independence and granted the U.S. significant western territory. -
Set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. -
A symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power. -
The deputies swore never to separate until they had given France a Constitution -
A riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution. -
Ratification by 9 of the 13 states enacted the new government. -
Women, just as men, are guaranteed natural, inalienable, sacred rights – and political institutions are instituted with the purpose of protecting these natural rights. -
A five-member committee that governed France from November 1795 to November 1799. -
Argues for the empowerment of women in education, politics, society, and marriage. -
A single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. -
France was made a republic, abolishing the monarchy and executing the king. -
Created with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government -
A period of the French Revolution, from about March 1793, to July 1794, during which many persons were ruthlessly executed by the ruling faction. -
Marked "the instantiation of [the] modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda". -
The first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's greatest victories. -
Naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. -
A series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political -
After Napoleon Bonaparte's disastrous campaign in Russia ended in defeat, he was forced into exile in Elba. -
He was denied newspapers, subjected to a curfew, watched all the time, and heavily guarded, with 125 men stationed around Longwood in the day and 72 at night.