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Wolrd War One Conscription CrisisIn 1917 the Canadian Federal Government decided to conscript young men for overseas service with the military. At this time, the military wasn't able to maintain numbers because men weren't volunteering their services.
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Creation of the Union National Party
Maurice Duplessis was the leader and the party supported provincial autonomy, conservatism, economic liberalism and rural life. -
Duplessis EraMaurice Duplessis didn't want to get involved in any English influence. This era had very bad working conditions.
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World War Two Conscription Crisis
Canada's Minister of Defence was convinced that that there was a need of conscription for for military services over seas during World War II. -
Duplessis Era
In the late 1950's poeple began to want social change. This era was the time of the "Swinging Sixties. -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Rovolution was a time where Quebec experiences rapid change during the 1960's. Jean Lesage won the elections under the motto "Maitre chez nous" meaning masters of our own house. -
Separatist
During the 1960's, Quebec began to take steps to try and separate from Canada and get the freedom they wanted. -
Jean Lesage - Liberal Party Jean Lesage was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1960-1966, and while he was Prime Minister of Quebec, was known as the Quiet Fevolution, which experienced many social changes.
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FLQ
The FLQ is best known for the 1970 Ocotber Crisis. Faught for the rights of people in Quebec. -
Canada's Flag
The flag was debated over multiple times, but soon was decided to be the National Flag of Canada. -
Immigration Policy in Canada
Canada began using The Points System to judge their immigrants. Using what language they spoke and their skill to judge their qualifications. -
Bi and Bi CommissionOfficiqal Languages Act is passed, made Canada a bilibgual nation. This a product of the research of fact-finding mission of the Bi and Bi Commission aka Royal Commission on a Biligualism and Bicultuaralism who discovered that French Canadians alienation from the rest of Canada was growing and problematic. The Commission recommended bilingualism in an attempt to unify the country.
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October CrisisAfter growing separatist sentiments, the FLQ stepped up their acts of aggression by kidnapping the British Diplomat, James Cross. The FLQ wished the release of their FLQ prisoners before releasing cross. FLQ later kidnaps Pierre La Porte.Trudeau enacts WMA but La Porte's strangles body is found in trunk of car.
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Canadian Multiculturalism Policy(Recall that Trudeau is a Federist - he believes unifying Canada, not a French separist) Multiculturalism encouraged people to express their cultures and in doing so, would de-emphasize the French as the only cultural group in Canada
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Bill 22This made French the only language of Quebec. (Not bilingual like the rest of Canada)
Rationale: diclining birth rates in Quebec saw the slow dealth of French Canadians.
Bill 22's other name was "The Charter of the French Language" -
Immigration Policy Families and business could "vouch for" or sponsor a new immigrant, meaning they would take resposniblity for this new person's set up in Canada.
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Bill 101Bill 101 - (similar to Bill 22 but also requires all signage to change to French in Quebec, all governent offices, schools... Everywhere.
This party was led by "renee Levesque" who promised separation by holding a provincial referendum. -
Parti Quebecois
In 1976 The Parti Quebecois won the provincial election in 1976 and had their first run in office. The Parti Quebecois was lead by Rene Levesque. -
Bill 101Many French Canadians felt this was actually repressive... being forced to only speak French, and therefore be less employable should they choose to leave Quebec.
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1980 Referendum Referendum (public vote)
"sovereignty association" means that Quebec be politically independent, yet mainatin a close economic relationship with the rest of Canada.
R. Levesque rallied the people under the slogan "Maitre chez nous", meaning masters of our house Result of Referendum.
40% yes to sovereignty
60% No -
Constituation Patriated Without Quebec's Signature
Background: BNA Act in Britain and Trudeau wanted to have the Charter of Rights and Freedoms added to it and bring it home. First he eeded to come up with an Amending Formula if there were any changes to be made. Unfortunately the premiers could not agree on that formula. They stumbled upon a Kitchen Compromise, but Quebec wasn't involved/ didn't agre -
Constituation ActThis is the revised Constitution with an Amending Formula and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms added to it.
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Brian Malroney
Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, Mulroney made a Free Trade agreement with the United States. He also was in control of the disliked goods and service tax. He also tried his best to try and convince Quebec to sign Canada's constiution, and he is recognized for these efforts. -
Bloc QuebecoisPeople in Quebec felt it was Canadians rejecting Quebec. The desire to seperate increases to 64% by the late 1990's. Loucien Bouchard (a powerful member of Mulroneys Cabinet resigned in protest and formed the Bloc Quebecois.
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Reform PartyPM
Brian Mulroney wanted Quebec's signature on the Constitution with "honour and Enthusiasm"
Reform is born out of feelings of:
Western Alienation, Senate Reform, Fr-English Rift, Aboriginal Self Govt.
Reform Party was lead by Manning, Preston. -
Meech Lake AccordPM Mulroney calls Premiers to Conference at Meech Lake proposing amendments to the constitution. One Amendment was called the “Meech Lake Accord” which offered to
1) recognize Quebec as a distinct society
2) give more power to the Provinces (i.e. veto power)
see p. 180 of Falk for the rest of the Accord.
As such, Meech became known as the Quebec Round of constitutional amendments. Bourassa & Quebeckers support Meech Lake b/c it protected Fr culture & lang. -
MulticulturalismBelief in the Canadian "Mosaic". Usa's "Melting Pot".
Discouraged assimilation but encouraged expressing your culture. -
1990 Meech LakeTrudeau is critical of Meech saying it would isolate the Francophones of Quebec rather than make them more apart of Confederation. Other opponents worried about other cultural groups & Aboriginal peoples. Result of Meech: Man, NB & NFLD withhold’s support & the accord disintegrates. Manitoba led by Aboriginal, Elijah Harper opposed Meech b/c it d/n recognize Aboriginals as a ‘distinct society’
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Charlottletown AccordPM Mulroney continues constitution debate & appoints a ‘Citizens Forum’ to travel across the nation to hear the views of Cnds on the future of the Constitution. New Proposal: Charlottetown Accord which was similar to the Meech Lake Accord. Charlottetown Accord Proposed:
1) reforming the Senate making it an elected body with equal representation from all parts of the country –important for Western Provinces 2) Aboriginal Self-Gov’t 3) universal health care
4) workers rights 5) environmental pro -
Parti QuebecoisThe Parti Quebecois returned to power in 1994 winning a strong majority election. 44.7% of the votes, and 77 seats in the National Assembly.
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Québec could have acceded to sovereignty if the ageeing side was victorious, and if the negotiations with Canada had failed. This way, sovereignty-partnership would be defined similar to a form of political independence. The sovereignty association wanted a new agreement on federation.
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Clarity BillThe Clarity Bill
Clarity Bill: States that in any future referenda, Quebec must ask a clear question and win a clear majority.
Supreme Court Decision: Decided that Quebec wasn't allowed to make the choice of seperating on their own. Quebec had to negotiate with the federal government and the aboriginal people who lived in Quebec if they wanted to seperate.
