POLITICAL CRISIS BEFORE THE MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE IsabelIbarraMarín3ºC

Vocabulary

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Ally-aliado
Vacuum-vacío
Warfare-guerra
Outbreak of-brote de
Back down-echarse àtras
Resent-resentirse de
Resurfaced-resurgió
Struggle-díficil
Oversee-supervisar
Presumptuous-presuntuoso
Firing squad- fusilamiento

Spain in case of invasion

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Spain readied for an invasion in case of a Prussia victory, but Napoleon's rout the Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt caused Spain to back down.

Napoleon turned on Spain

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In 1808, turned Napoleon forcing the abdication of the Spanish king and replacing him with Napoleon's brother Joseph.

The Peninsular War

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Started when French and Spain armies invaded and ocuppied Portugarl in 1807, and escalated in 1808.

Sixth Coalition

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The sixth coalition defeated in 1814.

Disastrous state of Spain

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He was fully aware of the disastrous state of Spain's economy and administration and its political fragility, and felt it had little value as an ally. He insisted on positioning French troops in Spain to prepare for a French invasion of Portugal.

French troops on Spanish soil

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The presences of French troops on Spanish soil was extremely unpopular in Spain, resulting in the Mutiny of Aranjuez and the abdication of Charles IV of Spain.

Napoleon refused to help

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Napoleon refused to help Charles and refused to recognize his son, Ferdinand VII, as the new king. Instead, he succeeded in to cede the crown to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte.

Rebelion in the streets of Madrid

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May 2,1808, Murat ordered the younger son of Charles IV, the infante Francisco de Paula, to leave Spain for France, leading to a widespread rebelion in the streets of Madrid.

The Council of Castile

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Now in Napoleon´s control lost authority ouside the population centers that were directly French occupied.
The Junta of Seville in particular claimed authority iver the overseas empire.

Father Hidalgo

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He was a criollo remembered as the father of the movement that pushed Mexico towards independence.

The Grito de Dolores

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Early on September 16, 1810, Father HIdalgo rang the town's church bells to call the people to mass.
As the people assembled he gave his famous speech.
This speech started the conflict that eventually freed Mexico from Spain.

Hidalgo and the Virgin of Guadalupe

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Hidalgo gained further support for the rebellion by choosing the Virgin of Guadalupe as a symbol for the cause.

Guilty of treason

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Hidalgo was captured and found guilty of treason. He was executed in front of a firing squad. He was decapitaded and his head was placed on a pole.
Hidalgo's dead 30 th July, 1811

José María Morelos y Pavón

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He replaced Hidalgo as the leader of the revolution. Morelos was a mestizo. Morelos was a brilliant military.

Morelos executed

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Because Morelos was a mestizo and brought the lower classes into the revolution, the peninsulares and criollos became afraid of mob violence.
Soon the criollos and peninsulares had hunted down Morelos. They placed him in front of the firing squad and executed him.
(Morelos' dead 22nd December 1815)

Agustín de Iturbide

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One of the people ordered to hunt down Morelos was Agustín de Iturbide. He had fought against the rebels on the side of the Spanish king. Iturbide got removed from his command beacuase he was a cruel leader and wanted revenge.

Coup d'ètat

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Iturbide met with Vicente Guerrero, the new leader of the rebellion and Iturbide's former and planned a coup d' état. Together, Guerrero and Iturbide created the Plan of Iguala.

Plan de Iguala

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Be equal treatment under the law for both peninsulares and criollos. Catholicism would be the official reliegion of Mexico. Mexico would be moderate monarchy.

The three Guatantees

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The three parts od the plan were known as union, religion, and independece Guarantees. The Three Guarantees flag. Red represents the union, aka the blood, white purity of Catholicism and Green as hope of independence.

The lead from Independence

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Iturbide would thus be the one to lead Mexico to independence from Spain in 1821.

Impact of Indepedence

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Iturbide had freed Mexico from Spain by staging a coup d'état. Several bad precedents that would plague Mexico well into the twentieth century

Revolutionary movements

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Were almost always preceded by a plan. The military was very much involved in politics and the precedent of coup d'étar would be well established in Mexicans politics.

Iturbide Takes Power

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Iturbide elevate himself to the position of emperor of Mexico. He made himself Generalìsimo de Tierra y Mar (highest general of the earth and sea) and gave himself a large salary.

Iturbide's Issues

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The independence movement had left Mexico in a bit of chaos.The silver mining was destroyed. Capital were investing their money outside of Mexico rather than re-investing it into their own country.

Agricultural

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Agricultural production had decreased causing food prices to rise.

Citicized

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Iturbide was citicized for nepotism

Noble titles

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He awarded noble titles to his family and even made the birthdays of some of his family memebers national holidays.

1srt Mexican

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He became the fisrt Mexican leader to get rid of a legislative branch that had disagreed with him.

The End of Iturbide's Reign.

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A man who became a major player in Mexican politics for the next sevral decades, Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón.

Plan de Veracruz

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Entered the Plan de Veracruz, in which Mexico was turned into a republic Iturbide would be arrested for treason and met demise in 1824.