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1500
First Occupants
The first occupants had no official leadership although we know that the Algonquians were a patriarchy and the Iroquois were a matriarchy both mean leadership is taken over by a specific gender. -
Period: 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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Church's Power and Influence(1600)
During the 1600's the church ran the lives of everyone in New France. The church at this time was in charge of schooling and education, evangelization, hospitals and births as well as deaths. On top of this everyone went to church on Sunday. -
Royal Government
This government was put in place after the abolishment of the mercantilist policies. It consists of a newly adapted minister of marine Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who would take care of the colony from France. -
Great Peace of Montreal
This peace treaty was signed along with 40 first nations groups to prevent or at least stop the wars that were occurring amongst the natives. The treaty only lasted 16 years before war once again broke out. -
Interactions between Colonials and Natives
During this time period relations between the two cultural groups greatly improved. The French formed alliances with the Iroquois and traded materials back and forth with them. The British were also allied with the Hurons producing lots of fights which eventually ended with a British victory in 1703. -
Treaty of Paris
This was the marking for the 7 year war's end in Europe. New France was then handed to the British as a result. All known territory for New France was given to the king of England except for 2 islands. This was the start of the civilian government in the colony. -
First Governor of the Colony
After the Royal Proclamation was introduced the mother country quickly put in place a governor to properly control the colony's external affairs from inside the colony. This governor was James Murray. James Murray was very controversial because of the fact that he bent the rules of the royal proclamation to benefit the French because he understood the Royal Proclamation would not work. -
Royal Proclamation
The Royal Proclamation was the act put in place just as soon as the colony was given over to the King of England. The proclamation changed the name of the colony to Quebec, decreased it's borders, introduces a civilian government, the catholic bishop was kicked out of the colony and finally British criminal and civil laws were introduced -
Effects of James Murray
James Murray was a governor who thought the current laws were not at all fair so he implemented his own. James let the french have another bishop, he also allowed them to practice civil and criminal laws in the lower courts. This caused an uproar among the British resulting in many complaints being sent to London requesting a new governor. -
Guy Carleton
After London received many complaints about James Murray as their governor because of his treatment toward the french, Guy Carleton was ordered to fill his role. Although Guy Carleton was meant to better fit the role of governor he repeated the actions of James Murray because he realized how unfair it was for the french living in the colony. -
Quebec Act
Since the new regime the english were scared for a rebellion an behalf of the French the Quebec act was essentially created to prevent such things by giving the french more rights. Such as French civil laws the enlargement of the territory and even the revival of the seigneurial system. -
Loyalist Migration
When the 13 colonies gained independence from the mother country of England many people who were still loyal to the king went up in to Canada because it was still under British Rule. 36000 Loyalists went to maritime provinces whereas 6000 went to Quebec incresaing their numbers from 1%-10%. -
Constitutional Act
At long last the British would drown out the French by simply separating the colony into two, Lower Canada and Upper Canada. Upper Canada was majoritarily English whereas the opposite was true for Lower Canada. Each Canada would have their own religion, set of laws and core language. This change was crucial to the development of the colony . -
Change in Government
After the Constitutional Act the government switched from Civilian to Representative. Each Canada had their own section of the government. In Upper Canada Government ran smoothly but in Lower Canada the language differences in parliament caused many issues. -
Forming of the Patriotes
After the separation of the Canada's there were many problems such as a resounding discontent in Lower Canada. The French were still unhappy with their rights and Papineau formed a party to express the discontent called Les Patriotes. The Patriotes were at forced advocates for change and progressively got more and more violent. -
The 92 Resolutions
The 92 resolutions were a document that was full of complaints from Papineau and his Patriotes about Canada and particularly Lower Canada. This document was sent to London asking for change and eventually the Patriotes received Russel's 10 Resolutions which had nothing to do with the original 92. In a fit of rage the Patriotes attacked the English winning only one battle at St-Denis eventually this lead to the undoing of the parti because 12 men were hung publicly and 58 were sent to Australia. -
Act of Union
This was the Act that would join both Canadas together as well as unionize their government forming the Responsible Government. This Act was put in place so that no more rebellions could happen. -
Responsible Government
Within a responsible government it requires a King and his British Parliament who elects a governor who in turn puts in place a Legislative Council. The population would then elect people in a Legislative Assembly next the leader of that party who received the most votes would become Prime Minister. The Prime Minister would then elect and Executive Council. Regardless of the fact that Lord Elgin still had veto power he was the first not to use it. -
Charlottetown Meeting
This was a meeting to discuss the final decision of making the country Canada and adding in all the current provinces. The only province that did not attend was Newfoundland, it was added later on. After they reached an agreement the went to Quebec. Next the type of government was discussed finally settling on a Federal Government with representatives according to the population of each province. This was the moment the Dominion of Canada commenced. -
Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was the premiere of Quebec during the 1950's. He heavily enforced the power of the church in Quebec and wanted to go back to the old ways. Duplessis also heavily promoted country living, because he believed it was more pure and demonstrated good values. Duplessis was heavily opposed by the journalists and intelectuals as well the business owners. -
Quiet Revolution
During the 1960s the newer generations took charge and pushed new technological advancements. During this time period they modernized Quebec and separated the church and the state. Quebec started to be known more and more especially after Expo '67. Many students were pushed to take their education further -
Quebec Nationalism
Quebec Nationalism became radical with the creation of the F.L.Q. Who strongly believed in Quebec Nationalist policies and would fight for them. Bill 22 and Bill 101 were introduced to attempt to please the Quebec Nationalists to no avail the F.L.Q still went through with the October Crisis. -
Union Revolt
Even after Duplessis was gone worker's conditions did not improve from their previous state and many workers felt the need to fight for their rights s o they revolted by striking when striking was only semi-legal. Finally through protest and strikes Unions received the legalisation of strike of the unted front. -
The October Crisis
The October Crisis was a kidnapping of two diplomats by a radical Quebec nationalist group known as the Front de Liberation de Quebec or FLQ. They kidnapped and killed Jean Laporte and kidnapped and eventually released James Cross. The FLQ movement finally ended when Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau put in place the War Measures Act. -
Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis was simply how a rich businessman wanted to increase his golf course by nine holes but the course bordered native territory and the natives had a problem with the expansion. The natives blockaded the road and made sure no one could pass not to mention the natives were armed although no shots were fired. Eventually the army was called in to deal with the natives and the golf course was never expanded. Although the natives received the Charlottetown Accord giving them more rights.
