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The Act of Supremacy consisted to make the king Henry VIII “Supreme Head of the Church of England” which allowed the schism to settle in England.
Schism consisted by the Church of England being officially separated from The Roman Catholic Church, and deny the Pope's authority under Henry VIII. -
This book is the English version of the Bible rather than the Latin version, so it allowed clergy as well as laics to read the Bible under the reign of Edward VI ( Henry VIII's son). -
Elizabeth is the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, after Mary I death she became Queen at the age of 25.
She wasn't married and needed to prove her legitimacy as Queen due to her mother.
She had the heavy task of appeasing religious tensions after 25 years of religious change (war between catholicism and protestantism). -
The act of Supremacy is about the Church organization abolishing the authority of the Pope and restoring the authority of the Queen over the Church.
She became "Supreme Governor of the Church of England" like her father.
The act of Uniformity is related to the religious belief. It means that every parish had no choice but use the book of common prayer and in addition people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland and involved 6,000 insurgents.
An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scotland because the people were for the return of Catholicism. -
Pope Pius V issued the papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis" which is a text against the Queen Elizabeth, he call her the " so-called Queen". Then he excommunicated her. -
In response to the excommunication.: The 1571 Treasons Act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not true Queen of England and Wales.
The same year of the 39 articles of faith, which is the stated the doctrine of the Church and involves three big changes. There is a new conception of the Church, a new doctrine of salvation and a new definition of sacraments and of the mass. -
The 1581 Act ("Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience"):
It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month fine.
163 persons killed during repression in 26 years (1577-1603) -
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise raised in France as a Catholic
Which make her Elizabeth's heir. She'd be executed because of it and because she participated to the Babington plot in 1586 which consisted to replace Elizabeth by her. -
Philip lI, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth, in retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain As a result, the King of Spain attempted to invade England.Then the Queen did her first speech to encourage her soldiers, which introduced her two bodies theory (of a weak woman and her political body as strong as a man, immortal and under the divine protection). England was victorious. -
East India Company founded by royal charter. -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
Establishment of Jamestown in Virginia, named after James I, the First permanent settlement. -
Because the crown had debts, Parliament proposed a solution : James would receive a fixed sum, but some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore, James would be financially independent. -
One year after the petitions rights where the MP's requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial . The MP's declared in 1629 that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom. As well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent. -
In 1640, needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a Parliament for the first time in 11 years, “The Short Parliament”. As the MPs demanded the King to address their grievances, Charles dissolved it after only 3 weeks. -
The House of Commons, under the leadership of Charles I, voted in Parliament to address the King's wrongdoings, granting Parliament the right to select ministers, control army, and reform the Church.
The same year took place the Irish Rebellion, a revolt against James I's plantation policy, resulted in the massacre of 3,000/4,000 protestants, fueling anti-Catholic sentiment in England. -
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest 5 Members of Parliament in January 1642. It was a breach of privilege, which showed there could be no peace between King and Parliament. On 22 August 1642, Charles formally declared war on Parliament. -
Pride’s purge in December 1648 : Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs. The remainder MPs named the Rump Parliament put the King on trial for high treason.
On 30 January 1649 King Charles I was executed. -
Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda offering a general amnesty in return for the restoration of monarchy.
It worked, so the King restored it the 29 May 1660.
Two years after all ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer, + Restoration of bishops to the House of Lords and to their place in the Church. -
One year after the outbreak of London which struck the city of London and killed about 75,000 people, so about 20% of the population, a fire broke out in a Pudding Lane bakery. It burned down 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul’s Cathedral, and the majority of the City’s public buildings. -
Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II.
Fear : James as King would implement pro-Catholic politics + might try to restore absolute monarchy, and threatening Parliament. -
Parliament invited the King’s son in law to invade England, and seize the crown. He landed with an army of 15.000 men and met no resistance. James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted. James II fled to France and William became King William III, and his wife Mary II. They were joint rulers. The Revolution was glorious because :
- Shedding no blood. Dislodged the King from his throne and set up his daughter and her husband.
- Liberties of English subjects reinforced. -
The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the King. It :
- Lists King James’ misdeeds.
- Fixes limitations on the sovereign’s powers .
- Sets out the rights of Parliament.
- Set out basic civil rights.
- Is a key political text. -
The 1701 Act of Settlement :
- Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
Successor : Hanoverian descendants of James I.
- Put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament. A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament.
It had a key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. -
Creation of the UK of Great Britain : England (and Wales) and Scotland.
Under Queen Anne, ratification of the Act of Union :
- A simple kingdom.
- Scotland lost its Parliament but gained 45 seats
in the House of Commons + 16 seats in the House of Lords.
- Scotland kept its Presbyterian church and own laws. -
The Thirteen American Colonies declared their sovereignty regarding the UK. Grievances against George III. During 1775 and 1783, there was the American Revolutionary War. In 1783, Britain formally recognized the independence of the USA, with the Treaty of Paris. -
By 1783, Britain had established an empire which comprised of :
Colonies in North America including the West Indies, and the Pacific including New Zealand (which became a British Colony following an expedition by James Cook in 1769).
Trading posts in India.
Naval bases in the Mediterranean - Gibraltar and Minorca.
But : Britain's defeat in the American War of Independence meant the loss of the American colonies. -
Plantations under Elizabeth and James I
Conquest under Cromwell and William III
By 1700, Ireland essentially a colony / a client state of Britain Irish Rebellion of 1798:
-an uprising against British rule in Ireland Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
-Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
-Rebels defeated (/atrocities) -
It created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the Parliament of the UK