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Enlightenment Thinkers
The Enlightenment Thinkers were the base of all the events that follow, they started a revolution for humankind. The six main thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft. They had revolutionary ideas about the way humans are naturally. And ideas about government and politics that hadn't been suggested before. Society was shocked with what they heard, and this was the start of a new age. -
Death of King Louis the 14th (XIV)
King Louis XIV died days before his 77th birthday. He had the longest reign in French history, for 72 years. On the day of his death he gave his great grandson Louis XV advice to do better for the people, and to lighten up on them. He asked him to be a "peaceful prince." Because he knew he should've been a better king for the people of France.
More info: http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/death-louis-xiv-1715 -
Publication of the Social Contract
The social contract was a document stating the natural rights of man, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This was a turning point in human rights and what the role of authority should be over the people. He stated there should be a general will, which would be between citizens for the common good of everyone. He believed in a direct democracy. This document added to the motivations of the revolution, in order to give more freedom and rights to the people.
More info: http://bit.ly/3ako9gc -
Estates-General Meeting
The Estates-General Meeting took place in Versailles. The 3 estates came together including the clergy, the nobles, and common people. They were deciding on new taxing and reforms for government. A heated discussion started over the unfair voting policy. The 1st and 2nd estates ended up locking the 3rd estate out. The 3rd estate rallied, and wanted to be heard. This was the start of the French Revolution.
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/lesson-plans-european-history/french-revolution -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a time when the citizens of France sought to take down the monarchy that had been there for hundreds of years. They revolted and protested, nobles feared for their lives. They came together and created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, taking ideas from America's Declaration. They pooled together ideas, and made a document that changed French history. King Louis XVI was taken down along with Mary Antoinette, they were both executed. -
Tennis Court Oath Taken
After the 3rd estate had been locked out they ran into a tennis court and locked themselves there. They swore that they wouldn't come out until they had come up with a new constitution. They called themselves the National Assembly. The King tried to order them to scatter, they refused. He wasn't willing to use force so he ordered the 2nd and 3rd estates to join them. This was called the Tennis Court Oath, and it worked, the 3rd estate had won.
More info: http://www.historywiz.org/tenniscourt.htm -
Storming of the Bastille
The Bastille was a prison near Paris that was stormed by a crazed pack of peasants. They were going for a mass of weapons and ammunition stored behind the walls the Bastille, to defend against the Swiss guard who they thought was going to kill them. They killed the guards inside and then the governor who refused them taking the weapons. They disturbingly paraded around with the governors head on a spike, this marks part of the beginning of the French Revolution.
More info: http://bit.ly/3b3cula -
Beginning of the Great Fear
As food shortages kept getting worse peasants started to revolt. Taxes had become to high for them to be able to afford. The Nobles and King feared for their lives, they hired guards to protect them. The peasants were afraid of the King's Swiss guard and stormed a local jail for weapons. They armed themselves and were ready to fight. They killed many nobles over that summer.
More info: http://wiki.engageeducation.org.au/history-revolutions/french-revolution/ancien-regime/revolts-and-great-fear/ -
Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
National Assembly created their own declaration that they called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. They wanted equal rights, freedom, and liberty. The declaration described what they wanted to change. It consisted of 17 articles and had ideas from the enlightenment and the thinkers from it.
More info: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b52410.html -
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Haitian Revolution
The Haitian revolution was an event that had a lot of bloodshed. The French and Spanish had taken over "Little Spain," and forced the people into slavery. The War of Knives took place, and many people died. Later on Haiti was announced as the first independent nation of former slaves, and no trading with Haiti was allowed. -
Slaves rise up on northern plantations of St. Domingue
St. Domingue was controlled by France, and had the largest enslaved population in the Caribbean. It became one of the richest industries, producing most of the worlds sugar and coffee. The French treated the slaves awful and the conditions were terrible. An uprising started when slaves and men of color were not allowed citizenship. They revolted and attacked plantations and burned most of it down. Hundreds of European men and women were killed in the process.
More info: http://bit.ly/378hgwx -
Publication of Vindication of the Rights of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft published her book the Vindication of the Rights of Women in order to push for equality. She wanted not only men to read it but women, to start a revolution for women. It basically stated that women have the same mind capacity, rights, and souls as men.
More info: http://bit.ly/2OI1thH -
French Republic proclaimed
After the French Revolution ended, and monarchy was gone, they went with a Republic for their new government. The National Constituent assembly declared France a Republic. Although in the future this would change many times. The National Constituent would later decide and convict King Louis XVI of treason and execute him.
More info: https://library.brown.edu/cds/paris/chronology1.html -
King Louis XVI executed by guillotine
Just days before his execution King Louis XVI was convicted of high treason and had many other crimes against the state. The National Convention sentenced him to the guillotine. It was a momentous event, hundreds of people watched, this was considered a turning point in the revolution. He and his wife Marie Antoinette's lives ended brutally and gruesomely.
More info: https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/execution-by-guillotine-of-louis-xvi -
Reign of Terror begins
The Reign of Terror started to in order to eliminate enemies of the Revolution. The leader of the committee of public safety named Maximilien Robespierre ordered thousands to be killed, including nobles and clergy members. More than 17,000 people were killed and a lot by guillotine. Nobles and clergy feared for their lives all that summer.
More info: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Reign_of_Terror -
Execution of Robespierre
Robespierre's downfall started after he sent two of his close friends to the guillotine to be executed. He said they were against the Revolution because they sided with a journal that was "counter revolutionary." The Convention members thought this was suspicious considering the people in Paris liked these men and he just executed them. They decided he was a tyrant, and his morals were becoming authoritarian, he was sent to death with the rest of his followers.
More info: https://bit.ly/2LTpQI7 -
The Directory takes control of France
After the Reign of Terror, France had a new start with the newly minted 5 member Directory that had taken control of France. The five men elected were from the National Assembly. A new constitution had come into place and they acted as an executive branch for a few years.
More info: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-french-revolution/ -
War of Knives begins for control of St. Domingue
The War of Knives began in June, Louverture, a leader who controlled the North of Haiti fought against the leader of the South, Rigaud. They fought for the control of St. Domingue. Louverture won and took control of St. Domingue. The aftermath was crazy, there was an estimated 10,000 deaths, and so much blood was shed in that war that it's considered a massacre. After the war Rigaud fled into exile.
More info: https://military.wikia.org/wiki/War_of_Knives -
New constitution in France put up for a vote, declares revolution over
The Revolution ended in 1799, differently than expected. The people and military had decided that the directory wasn't going to work out. A man named Sieyes acted out and ordered a coup. No blood was shed, but it definitely wasn't easy. A new government was created, with 3 consuls ruling. Those 3 consuls were Napoleon, Sieyes, and Ducos. This was different than expected, because it was really a decision made by the military, not a movement made by the people.
More info: http://bit.ly/3qeeWeU -
L’Ouverture proclaims a new constitution in St. Domingue and is declared Governor for Life
Although France was still in control of Haiti, L'Ouverture decided to have a meeting to create a constitution for Saint-Domingue. Representatives from all of Saint-Domingue's departments went to the meeting. The Constitution had a ban on voodoo, and they made the official religion Catholicism. They tied the slaves to their workplaces, and L'Ouverture was called ruler of Haiti for life.
More info: https://www.marxists.org/history/haiti/1801/constitution.htm -
Dessalines creates the flag of Haiti
Haiti's first flag was made by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, after they fought off the French. He is said to have taken apart the French flag and tore the white pieces off, then sewed some red and blue together to make it. This was a monumental moment for Haiti to have their first flag after the long hard battle against the French.
More info: http://bit.ly/3b77zj9 -
Dessalines proclaims Haiti’s independence
Jean-Jaques Dessalines was 2nd in command under L'Ouverture. After L'Ouverture was captured he took command. Before the capturing of L'Ouverture, Dessalines looked to be siding with the French, it was a trick. The French fell for it, he sided back with his side for independence after regrouping himself. They fought and won, Dessalines pronounced Haiti's independence. He chose the name Haiti for his country, it was original from the first inhabitants of the island
More info: http://bit.ly/37nTvkj -
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The Revolutions of Latin and South America
The Revolutions of Latin and South America was a time when the people of lower class changed the game. They grew tired of being mistreated and having less rights. The people in second class were educated and knew of the Declaration of Independence and of the enlightenment thinkers, they were inspired and wanted change also. Catholic priests lead the way in starting a revolution. The poor people rallied and fought for change. Later on more people stepped up and they succeeded against Spain. -
Mexico declares independence from Spain
Spain had controlled Mexico for 300 years, but the Mexicans had finally had enough. Father Miguel Hidalgo started the revolution, the event that started this was called "El Grito de Dolores." Although he was killed in 1811 by the Spanish. A priest named Jose Morelos took over after Hidalgo, he tried for independence but also for an end to slavery, but was shot by the Spanish too. After hard trial, they claimed independence in 1824, and the Republic of Mexico was born. Link: http://bit.ly/3jMJcuP -
Simon Bolivar arrives at Merida, Venezuela
After Simon Bolivar fought off the Spanish in Columbia, he went on to help free Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He then went home and led an independence invasion in Venezuela, he was successful. Venezuela was now freed of Spanish also. He became known as the "liberator," and still is to this day.
More info: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar -
Battle of Chacabuco
The Battle of Chacabuco was during Chili's war for Independence led by Jose de San Martin. Martin sent his troops down a mountain towards the Spanish, they were winning and the Spanish retreated. The Spanish set up camp at Chucabuco Ranch, and Martins and O'Higgins troops surrounded them at the Ranch. Hand to hand combat started and never finished until every Spanish soldier was dead.
More info: https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco -
Battle of Boyaca
The battle of Boyaca was a fight that was between a rebel army of 3,000 men vs. the Spaniards protecting Columbia and Panama(New Granada). The rebels were led by Simon Bolivar, this is considered the start of independence in North and South America. They took control of the town Casa de Piedra and captured 1,600 Spaniards, and by the end executed 38 because of the "Decree of War till the Death."
More info: https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1 -
Peru declares independence
Jose de San Martin liberated Peru from Spain in July, 1821. Although Simon Bolivar liberated a lot of the North, Jose Martin liberated a lot of the South. The Declaration was very brief and short as the Council came together and decided that the "general will is decided in favor of the Independence of Peru from the Spanish domination." People who were there signed the Act and they were officially an independent nation.
More info: https://bit.ly/3tY1s99 -
Gran Columbia formed
After Simon Bolivar liberated Columbia, Panama and Venezuela the Congress came up with a constitution for a republic. Gran Columbia consisted of these three places. Bolivar was the President, with Santander as vice. A rebellion formed in Venezuela and they left the republic. Bolivar also left being president, and he died in the North of South America. The republic died along with him at the same time.
More info: http://to.pbs.org/3akLtdJ
