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The Pragmatic Sanction was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI on April 19, 1713, to ensure that the Habsburg monarchy, which included the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Austrian Netherlands, could be inherited by a daughter undivided -
The flying shuttle is a type of weaving shuttle that was invented by John Kay. It was a pivotal advancement in the mechanisation of weaving during the initial stages of the Industrial Revolution, and facilitated the weaving of considerably broader fabrics, enabling the production of wider textiles -
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The Spinning Jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame that was invented by James Hargreaves.The device was one of the key developments in the industrialization of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once -
The Water Frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water-wheel. It was invented by Richard Arkwright and designed for making cotton thread. It was first used in 1765 and was able to spin 96 threads at a time, far faster than ever before. -
The steam engine is a heat engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat. It was first created by James Watt. It was used to power machines in factories, mills, and mines, and to propel steamships and locomotives. -
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The Declaration of Independence was a bold statement of freedom by 13 British colonies in America, who declared themselves a new nation in 1776. -
The Spinning Mule is a machine used to spin cotton and other fibers. It was invented by Samuel Crompton and was capable of spinning more than 1,000 spindles simultaneously -
The power loom is a mechanized loom that was invented by Edmund Cartwright. It was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution -
The United States Constitution is a document that established America’s national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens -
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The Estates-General was a meeting of elected representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobility, commoners)1. It was convened by the king when he needed extraordinary income or special support. -
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The storming of the Bastille was a result of the economic crisis, regressive taxes, and poor harvests in the late 1780s, which led to widespread discontent among the French people -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that proclaimed the equality and freedom of all men. It was adopted by the National Assembly -
It was dominated by 2 groups, the Girondins and the Jacobins. Louis XVI opposed the reforms of the Legislative assembly and asked Austria for support. In response, the assembly abolished the monarchy and declared France a Republic
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The French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancient Regime. One of the basic precepts of the French Revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty -
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Louis XVI, the former king of France, was publicly executed on January 21, 1793, during the French Revolution at the Place de la Revolution in Paris . He was convicted of high treason by the National Convention and sentenced to death. -
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The Treaty of Basel was a peace treaty signed in Basel, Switzerland, during the French Revolution. It consisted of three peace treaties involving France and its opponents of the First Coalition. -
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The Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic, by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany -
The Napoleonic Civil Code is a set of laws that applied equally to all citizens. It introduced legal concepts such as civil marriage, divorce, adoption and public education. -
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The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition. The British won the Battle of Trafalgar. -
BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ, It was one of the most important and decisive military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. The French Empire, led by Napoleon, emerged victorious over the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire. -
Napoleon decreed, from his Palace in Berlin, a blockade of the British Isles and forbade all British goods and commerce entering the continent. This came to be known as the ‘continental’ blockade since the fact that most of the European continent was under French influence. -
Spain supported Napoleon in the war against Great Britain. Then Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with France -
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REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ, was an uprising led against King Charles IV that took place in the town of Aranjuez, Spain. -
In the end, the french forces occupied Spain and Carlos IV and Fernando were sent to Bayonne where they renounced their rights to the Spanish throne in favour of Napoleon, then he made his brother Joseph Bonaparte the new king of Spain -
The French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings, Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII, to renounce the throne in his favor. -
The Battle of Bailén was fought during the Spanish War of Independence and was the first open field defeat in the history of the Napoleonic army. -
The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional courts (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous ones. -
The Luddites were a group of English textile workers who opposed the use of certain types of cost-saving machinery, often by destroying the machines in clandestine raids.The Luddite movement began in Nottingham, England, and spread to the North West and Yorkshire. -
The first commercial railway to successfully use steam locomotives was the Middleton Railway in Leeds, England. -
La Pepa, also known as the Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, was the first constitution of Spain and one of the earliest codified constitutions in world history -
In 1812 Napoleon´s power began to decline because he had to divide his forces between 2 very distant fronts (Spain and Russia)
In 1815 Napoleon was finally defeated at the battle of waterloo -
The Treaty of Valençay was signed on December 8, 1813, between the French Empire and the Spanish Crown.The treaty was intended as a preliminary to a full peace treaty between France and Spain -
A locomotive is a self-propelled vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. It is capable of carrying a payload and is used to move railroad cars. The first steam-powered locomotive was invented by George Stephenson. -
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The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
The Holy Alliance is a conservative union of Russia, Prussia and Austria, created to maintain the international order established at the Vienna Congress (1815) -
La independencia de Argentina fue el resultado de una larga lucha contra el dominio español, que comenzó en 1810 con la Revolución de Mayo.La Independencia de Argentina fue declarada el 9 de julio de 1816 por el Congreso de Tucumán -
The first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean was the American ship SS Savannah in 1819. However, it was a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship, with the first half of the journey making use of the steam engine -
The independence of Chile was a process that began on September 18, 1810 with the declaration of a national government board that broke from Spanish rule. -
The Declaration of Independence of Colombia occurred on July 20, 1810. Colombia effectively achieved its independence from Spain by 1819, and the country was recognized by the United States in 1822. -
The First Liberal Revolutionary Wave was a series of revolutions that took place in Portugal and Spain, Greece. -
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Peru’s independence was achieved primarily by outsiders, among them was General José de San Martín of Argentina, whose aims were to secure Argentine control of Upper Peru’s silver from the Spanish forces that had occupied Upper Peru and to ensure Argentina’s independence by destroying the remaining Spanish power in South America -
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The second Liberal Revolutionary Wave was a series of revolutions that took place in France and Belgium. -
these were associations of workers in the same industry. they offered mutual assistance in the case of an accident or injuries and they demanded better working conditions -
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The expropriation of Mendizábal was a historic process in which the Spanish government expropriated and sold land owned by the Catholic Church. -
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The Third Liberal Revolutionary Wave was a series of revolutions that took place in Austria, German confederation and France. -
The Communist Manifesto is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London -
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The Coup of 18 Brumaire was a coup d’état that brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France. -
The Expropriation of Madoz was a Spanish law passed in 1855 that allowed the government to seize and sell property, including from the Catholic Church, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century -
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The Constitution of 1869 was produced by the Constitutional Convention of 1868-1869. The convention was controlled by a combination of Moderate and Radical Republicans, and the constitution they produced reflected their Unionism -
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The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) is the oldest political party in Spain, founded on May 2, 1879 by Pablo Iglesias1. The party was initially established to represent the working class and to fight for their rights. -
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The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions that was founded on 30 October – 1 November 1910 in Bilbao, Spain. It was established from groups brought together by the trade union Solidaridad Obrera and significantly expanded the role of anarchism in Spain -
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers. -
Mexican Independence was an armed conflict and political process that resulted in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. The process culminated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in Mexico City on September 28, 1821 -