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San Martin landed on Peruvian shores in 1820, and on 28 July 1821 proclaimed Peru's Independence.
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The royalists were not defeated, however, until the Spaniards were defeated by forces under Bolívar at the battle of Junín and under Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho in 1824. The victory at Ayacucho on 9 December put an end to Spanish domination on the South American continent.
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The Spanish flag ceases to fly over Peru. Peru has their own flag.
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Marshal Ramón Castilla, president from 1845 to 1851 and from 1855 to 1862, abolished Amerindian tributes and introduced progressive measures.
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In 1866, a Spanish attempt to regain possession of Peru was frustrated off the port of Callao.
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The War of the Pacific (1879–84) in which Chile vanquished the forces of Peru and Bolivia and occupied Lima from 1881 to 1883.
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Under the Treaty of Ancón, signed in October 1883, and subsequent agreements, Peru was forced to give up the nitrate-rich provinces of Tarapacá and Arica.
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This period of moderate reform came to an end in 1919, when a businessman, Augusto Leguía y Salcedo, who had served as constitutionally elected president during 1908–12, took power in a military coup and began to modernize the country along capitalistic lines.
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In 1930, after the worldwide depression reached Peru, Leguía was overthrown by Luis M. Sánchez-Cerro, who became Peru's constitutional president in 1931 after an election which the Apristas (the followers of APRA) denounced as fraudulent.
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An Aprista uprising in 1932 was followed by the assassination of Sánchez-Cerro in April 1933,
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The 1942 Protocol of Río de Janeiro, which resolved the conflict on terms favorable to Peru, was subsequently repudiated by Ecuador.
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In 1945, Prado permitted free elections and legalized APRA.
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Prado permitted free elections and legalized APRA.
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In 1948, military leaders charged the president with being too lenient with the Apristas and dividing the armed forces.
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In January 1949, Haya de la Torre found refuge in the Colombian embassy, where he lived for the next five years.
