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Dec 2, 1500
First Occupants
Iroquois: Society was a Matriarchy where the leadership and responsibility went to the women. Algonquians: Society was a Patriarchy where the father played a vital leadership role. -
Period: Dec 2, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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Period: to
French Regime
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrator:
-Military alliances
-French-Hurons (for trading)
-English-Iroquois (almost wiped out the Hurons) -
Relations between the Church and State
-Church has a role in the sovereign council, so they have a say in political decisions.
-The clergy was everywhere: Schools, Hospitals... -
The Royal Government
-The King: Controls everthing and has the most power.
-The Minister of Marine: The kings main guy.
The souveraign council:
-Governor: Commander of army, defence external affairs.
-Intendant: Controls budget, collects taxes.
-Bishop: Appointed by the pope, runs hospitals, schools and charities. -
Power relations between the colony and mother country
-There was an absolute monarchy in New France, which meant the king named administrators and was able to reverse any decisions they made.
-Everyone in New France had become independant Canadians because there was a lot of distance from the king of France. -
Peace Treaty
-The great peace of Montreal happened between New France and the 40 first nations.
-There was 16 years of peaceful relations and trading until war broke out again. -
Articles of Capitulation
When the French war was almost over, the king of England put James Murray in charge and he had some capitulations:
1) That the French Militia could return home and no one would lose their property.
2) That the French regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3) That people could practise the Roman Catholic religion, although the Bishop would have to leave.
4) Everyone who stayed would be British subjects. -
Period: to
British Rule
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Royal Proclamation
-Was put in place to control the French British subjects and try to make them more british.
1) It gives the king's new colony a name (The province of Quebec) 2) It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence valley. 3) The King appointed a Governor who appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. 4) English Criminal and Civil laws were applied. 5) Unused land would be divided by the Township system. 6) No new Bishop would be allowed. 7) No RC's could hold public office. -
Treaty of Paris
-This ended the 7 year war.
-All of New France is given to the King of England except islands St. Pierre and Miquelon. -
Changes James Murray made
-He realized the Royal Proclamation was unworkable because 1% of the population was English protestant and 99% was French.
-He allowed a new Bishop.
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts.
-He didn't call an elected assembly because it would favour the English. -
Quebec Act
-Used to gain the loyalty of the French because they didn't want them to assimilate.
It enlarged the area of Quebec, denied an elected assembly, appoints council members, French civil laws were instated... -
The Loyalists
-36 000 loyalists came to Canada and 6 000 came to Quebec.
-This made the English population go up from 1%-10%.
-Also the Township system started getting used by the Loyalists.
-They were used to having English civil laws and elected assemblies so they made petitions for change. -
Constitutional Act
The province of Quebec was split in two (Upper Canada and Lower Canada).
-LC: Almost entirely French (160 000ppl), the French kept their religion, civil laws.
-UC: Entirely English (20 000ppl), the protestants used the Township system.
The Ottawa river seperated them -
Representative Government
-KING
-British Parliament
In the Canada's: Governer- chosen by parliament, in charge of administration, called assemblies, has veto power (could turn down laws).
The Canada's each had:
Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council and Legislative Council, Legislative Assembly and ordinary people. -
Faults in the Representative Government
-Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws but were always shut down since the Goverenor has Veto power.
-There were many two sided disagreements, ex) The wealthy governors & council members wanted tax property to be able to make canals and railways for trade while the Legislative Assembly wanted to tax goods instead of property. -
92 Resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau wrote the 92 resolutions. His main goal was to get Responsible Government, the Document was sent to the British Gov.
Lord John Russel responded with the 10 Resolutions which didn't help with any of the real issues.
The response was taken as an insult and and rebellions broke out of LC and UC. -
The Rebellions
-The Rebellions caused the population in the Canada's to increase, making Upper Canada slightly larger in population than Lower Canada. -
Discontent in Lower Canada
Even though the Constitutional Act had established Representative Government, those elected had no real power.
Two groups formed: British Party (spent money on public works), Parti Canadian (Controlled assembly and taxes).
-The two groups had some issues.
-Patriots began speaking out saying there should be a rebellion. -
Lord Durham
He was sent to Canada to give his opinion on what to do about the rebellions.
His recommendations:
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The two Canada's should unite.
- Responsible Gov. should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union
1) Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West.
2) Canada East and West both have 42 members in its assembly.
3) Governor still had contro and veto power.
4) Canada East and West would both split Canada's debts. -
The Charlottetown Conference:
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with their leaders in the Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI). -
The Quebec Conference
The same members as last time agree to:
-72 resolutions
-A federal system
-24 seats to each colony
-Assembly elected
and that they will build a railway between colonies. -
The London Conference
-Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to arrange the release of the British Empire to become a self governing colony. -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Maurice Duplessis
-Premier of Quebec from 1936-1939 and 1944-1959.
-He believed that state should not intervene with social or economic sectors.
-He founded the Union National Party and defended provincial autonomy.
-Adopted the fleurdelise as Quebec's flag in 1948. -
Union movements and the state
Things get better for working people, there are demands for health and safety laws, for the protection of children, on a minimum working age for children, pay equity and more. -
Feminist movements and the state
-Foundation of the council of Women (1893).
-1961: Electing the first woman for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des Femmes du Quebec. -
Relations between the media and the state
-In the 19th century, control of newspapers was by political parties.
-In the early 20th century, political views by newspaper and information on the radio and television really began to influence the public. -
The Quiet Revolution (1960's)
This happened when the defeat of the Union Nationale by the Liberals occured. Basically this was Quebec's time to catch up to the rest of the world and develop socially, economically and politically. -
More on the Quiet Revolution
-Made the role of the Government more important by increasing the role of the state in all sectors.
-Modernized Quebec's educational system.
-Weakened the influence of the Church. -
Power between financial circles and the state
-Buisenessmen got more involved in politics which facilitated access to grants, laws and regulations.
-The funding of political parties causes scandals and denunciation of patronage.
-The state takes control of certain sectors of the economy which subsidizes Quebec and recognizes the rights of employees. -
Environmentalist groups and state
-1970: Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec.
-2002: Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada. -
Relations between social justice and the state
-Early 20th century: Communism, union movements, feminism all happen.
-1930's: The depression brings many charities to life.
-Many laws and measures get adopted to protect citizens. -
Bill 101 (Continuation of Quebec Nationalism)
-French language is priority, only French signs were allowed in public spaces.
-The English fought back with Bill 178 and 86. -
Separatism
Many French in Quebec want to seperate and have Quebec become it's own country.
-Leader of the PQ Rene Levesque felt strongly about the separation that he held a referendum in 1980. 60% voted agaisnt separation.
-Another referendum was held in 1995 where the results were very close, 50.6% voted agaisnt. -
Native Issues
Oka Crisis: Mohawk warriors establish road blocks outside their reserves because a golf course wants to expand on their native land. The Canadian Forces had to intervene, this lasted 78 days.
-James Bay and Northern Quebec agreement: Grants more powers to the Cree and Inuit and recognizes aboriginal rights.
