-
1500
First occupants
-Iroquois
*Matriarchy society
*leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
-Algonquians:
*Patriarchy society
*Father played vital leadership role. -
1500
The influence of aboriginal peoples on power
-Military alliances to protect economic interests in the fur trade.
-French allied with the Hurons.
-English allied with the Iroquois.
-The native allies of the French have been destroyed by the Iroquois, the French were forced to go out and collect furs deeper into the forest.
-Coureurs des bois were formed. -
Period: 1500 to
Official Power
-
Royal Government
-The King and the Minister of Marine would remain in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France directly.
-The Sovereign council was made up of the following members:
*Governor
*Intendant
*Bishop.
-The Captain of Militia was not on the Council but still had power, he dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
Power relations between the church and state
-The church was everywhere:
*Priests in charge of parishes
*Priests working as missionaries
*Nuns working in hospitals
-The Bishop who was appointed by the Pope, administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities. -
The Great Peace of Montreal
-It was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America.
-It was signed on August 4, 1701.
-It was signed by Louis-Hector de Callière, the governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
Power Relations Between the Colony and the Mother State
-Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make.
-People lived happy lives in new France but worked a lot.
-Many were very poor.
-The people later became a distinct group called the Canadians since the kings was distant and had less control. -
Articles of Capitulation
-Still conflict between the french and English.
-The Articles of Capitulation was created under the terms that the french would surrender.
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British subjects. -
Royal Proclamation
-A constitution was put in place the french British subjects.
*It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec.
*Decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley
*Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony.
*English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
*Unused land would be divided by the Township System.
*No new Bishop would be allowed.
*No Roman Catholics could hold public office. -
James Murray
- He found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was English. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules. *He allowed a new Bishop. *He allowed French laws in the lower courts. *He did not call an assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. -The English merchants were very unhappy and demanded a new governor.
-
Guy Carleton
-He was brought because the English merchants were unhappy with James Murray.
-Despite their wishes, Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray created.
-He wanted to be tolerant towards the French, so he could have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their independence. -
The Quebec Act
-It's soul purpose was to gain loyalty of the French.
*Enlarges the area of Quebec.
*Denied an elected assembly
*Appointed counsel.
*French civil laws were instated, the and seigniorial system was back.
*Test Act Oath. -
American Independence
-In the 13 colonies Britain wanted to place strict control over the taxes and trade.
-The Americans wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley.
-Up until 1763 the Americans needed Britain to protect then from the French. Now that they didn't need Britain anymore they became more upset and then finally after the Quebec Act, they decided to declare their independence. -
The loyalists
-Were loyal to the mother country and did not want to be separate.
-They moved to the only British ruled place in north america.
-36000 loyalists went to Canada and 6000 loyalists to Quebec.
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 10%
-They settled according to the Township system.
-They gave their settlements English names.
-The Loyalists liked the English civil laws.
-They liked having elected assemblies. -
The Constitutional Act
-The province of Quebec was split up into two parts.
-The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them.
-Upper Canada:
*entirely English (20 000 ppl)
*It would be all protestants.
*It would use the township system with English civil laws.
-Lower Canada:
*Mostly French (160 000 ppl)
*Would keep the French religion (Catholicism)
*French people could work in administration. -
The 92 Resolutions
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau.
-He wrote 92 Resolutions
-It was a list of the assemblies demands.
-Their main demands were for a Responsible Government and for the government to be made up by the people who would be responsible for its decisions.
-He then sent these resolutions to London. -
Russell's 10 resolutions
-Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions.
-It did not agree to the demands of the patriotes.
-It gave more power to the council.
-The patriotes were extremely unhappy.
-This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
The Rebellions
-Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie -It was quickly put down.
-Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis, St-Eustache - It was put down.
-The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail.
-They were poorly organized and equiped.
Results:
-12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
58 were exiled to Australia. -
Act of Union
-It creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West.
-Canada east and west each have 42 members to its assembly.
-Governor still had control and veto power.
-Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Cdn West owed 10X).
-This system was flawed and created conflict. -
Responsible Government
-The Responsible Government was adopted slowly.
-The Prime minister selected members of the executive council from the assembly.
-Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers.
-The governor is responsible and doesn’t use his veto power for everything.
structure:
*The people would now elect the Leg. Assembly.
*The Prime minister would Form the Cabinet - proposed laws.
*The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene. -
The Conferences
The Charlottetown Conference: Leaders of Canada East/West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces, they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger.
The Quebec Conference: Same members of last time.They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible.
*A federal system
*24 seats to each colony
*Assembly elected by “rep by pop”
*Build a railway between colonies
-The conferences went well but the people weren’t accepting of what their politicians were moving towards. -
Section 91-92
-The Federal Government had certain responsibilities as did the provinces.
Section 91: (Federal) responsibilities were:
*defense
*banking and money
*postal service
*criminal law.
Section 92 (provincial) responsibilities were:
*municipal institutions
*hospitals
*property
*civil rights.
-Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments.
-The Federal Government could also disallow any provincial law. -
Power relations between union movements and state
-First strikes and partial legalization of unions.
-Implantation of American unions.
-Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labor.
-Union demands regarding health and safety laws for the protection of children.
-Unions struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders.
Anti-Labor Laws: Padlock Law, right to strike, use of police against the strikers.
-Adoption of the Labor Relations Act. -
Power relations between the feminist movements and the state
-Foundation of the National Council of Women, actions of the suffragettes.
-Electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain)
-Ended the legal incapacity of married women.
-Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code.
-Establishment of maternity leave.
-Decriminalization of abortion, equality of men and women.
-1996: law on pay equity is adopted.
-Creation of the pill. -
Maurice Duplessis
-He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs.
-Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment.
-He had religious and beliefs and believed the church was favorable.
-Quebec was held back from the rest of the world. -
The Oka Crisi
-A golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land.
-The natives were not happy.
-Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka.
-The natives militarily organized themselves.
-The Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
-The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand off finally came to an end with out armed conflict
-The issues remained.
-The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
