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Dec 18, 1500
First Occupants
-Iroquois: Society was matriarchy: led by women
-Algonquians: Society was patriarchy: led by men -
Coureurs de Bois
-French settlers who travel into the forest to trade with natives. -
Alliances
-French-Hurons: The Hurons fought against the iroquois for furs, French went into battle against iroquois for Hurons.
-English-Iroquois:Fought against the French and Hurons. -
Power relations between the church and the state
-Church was implicated in politcial decisions.
-The clergy was everywhere. -
Life in New France
-Settlers were self-dependent and had happy lives but lots of work.
-All people socialised with each other unlike in France. -
Royal Government
-Was made of the following:
-Governor: Highest rank, commnder of army, defence and dealt with exernal affairs.
-Intendant: Influental, controlled budget, collected taxes etc.
-Bishop: Appointed by pope, -
Great Peace of Montreal
-Peace treaty between New France and first nations of New France.
-French allied to the Hurons and Algonquians providing 16 years of trade. -
United States
-Britan was unhappy with the 13 colonies
-Americans are trading with French so Britain wants to place control on trade.
-American war of independence
-Loyalist move to Quebec -
Articles of Capitulation
-After the fall of Quebec, the French troops waited in Montreal before receiving a document stating the terms on which the French would surrender: the Articles of Capitulation
1.The French militia could return home, noyone would lose their property
2.The French regular military would lay down their arms and leave
3.The people could follow the Catholic religion but their bishop had tp leave
4.Those who stayed would become British subjects. -
Royal Proclamation
-Gives the colony a new name; Province of Quebec
-Decreases the borders
-Puts in place a civilian government to run the colony
-English laws are applied
-Unused land is divised into township system
-No new Bishops are allowed
-No Roman catholics could hold public office. -
Difficulties of the first governors
-James Murray bent rules to satisfy the French as they made 99% of the population.
-He was replaced by Guy Carleton who did the same. -
Treaty of Paris
-Ended the seven year war, all the territory of New France is given to the kind of England with the exception of two small island now known as St. Pierre and Miquelon islands -
Quebec Act of 1774
-Discontent withing the province leads to the
quebec act of 1774.
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty.
-Enlarges Quebec
-Denies elective assembly
-Appointed council
-French civil laws are instated -
Loyalists
-36 000 loyalists came to Canada
-6 000 loyalists came to Quebec
-The English population of Quebec went from 1% to 10%
-The loyalists were used to English laws and ways of life and complained for them until they git their wish. -
Constitutional Act of 1791
-Province of Quebec is seperated into two seperate pieces; Upper Canada and Lower Canada
-Upper Canada was entirely english with a population of 20 000, Lower Canada was almost entirely French with a population of 160 000 people. -
Representive government
-King
-British Parliament
-Governor: Appointed by parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration and held veto power
-Lieutenant Governor: One per Canada, acted as governor's deputy
Executive Council: Appointed by governor, advised governor
Legislative Council: appointed, approved or rejected laws from the assembly
Ordinary people: Had a say og government for first time -
Parti Patriote
-Patriotes led by Louis Jospeph Papineau.
-Papineau wrote the 92 resolutions which had a main demain for responsible government, he sent this to the British
-Lord John Russel responded with the 10 reolutions which didn't cater to Papineau's demands but made it worse for the Patriotes.
-The 10 Resolutions were tooken as an insult and rebellions broke out -
Lord Durham
-Lord Durham was sent to the canada's to give his opinion on what to do.
1.Britain should increase immigratiin in order to assimilate the French
2.The two Canada's should be united
3.Responsible government should be granted to eliminate the veto power -
1840 Act of Union
1.Created the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and Canada West
2.Each had 42 members to its assembly
3.Governor still had control and veto power
4.Each Canada would equally pay for Canada's debts. -
Changes to the responsible government
-Conflict occured so...
-1842:Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly
-1848:Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers and allow the Prime minister to have executive powers -
The Quebec Conference
-Same members as the Charlettown Conference and Newfoundland agree on 72 reslutions that would make the merger possible, including; a federal system, 24 seats to each colony and a railway between colonies
-The conferences went well however the people weren't accepting of a possible merge and it's conditions and Newfounland and Prince Edward Island withdrew -
Charlottetown Conference
-Leaders of Canada East and Canada West meet with the leaders of 3 maritime provinces and leave agreeing to consider a merger. -
Influence of Church
-After 1837 the bishops became more powerful
-Catholic church attendenxe was very high
-Protestants were divided and had protestant universities: McGill university and Bishops -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
-Absolute monarchy:the king names adminstrators and can stil reverse any decisions they make. -
The London Conference
-Leaders from the 4 colonies meet to make an arrangement to release a self governing colony from the British Empire.
-Canada was creted under the British Noth Act on July 1st 1867, containing 4 provinced: Ontarion, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
-The remaining proovinced join between 1870 and 1949 -
Union Movements
-First strikes and partial legalization of union in 1872
-Union demands regard health, safety, ptotection of children, salaries, welfares etc.
-1944:Adoption of the labour relations Act
-1972: Strike of united front -
Feminist Movement
-1893: Foundation of the National council of women
-1961:Election of Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, first woman to the Legislative Assembly
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes de Quebec -
Power relations between fincancial circles and the state
-Involvment of businessmen in politics fascilitates access to grants, laws and regulation that favour companies
-Practice of funding politicial parties causes scanadals and a denunciation of patronage -
Quiet Revolution
-After the defeat of the Union Nationale, it is desribed as a rapid and far-reacong process of social, econoimic and politicial reform in Quebec
-Its main features were to make Quebec's government the major force behind Hydro-Quebec, trans-Canada and Montreal's metro, to modernize Quebec education and to weaken the Church's influence -
Quebec Nationalism
-1961: Officede l lnge francaise is created to promote the French language
-French made official language in Quebec with Bill 22 -
Bill 101
-Bill 101 makes French a priority in Quebec.
-Only French signs are allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents could be educated in English schools -
Referendum of 1980
-Leader of the Parti Quebecois, Rene Levesque held a vote to see if Quebec would seperate.
-Federalist want Quebec to stay with Canada, Seperatists want Quebec to seperate
-60% voted against a possible seperation
-Since, many acts and constitutuions have been made to adress the issue -
Native Issues
-Oka Crisis: Lasted 78 days when a golf course tried to expand on native land
-The Charlettetown Accord was created to deal with native issues
-Natives submitted to the Indian Act in 1876 but staked claims in courts in the 1960s
-James Bay nd Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 and the Peace of the Brave gave them more powers and rights in 1982 and 2002 respectively
