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Literary Clubs and Peninsula War
Basically what occurred in the early months of 1810 in Spain was the Peninsular War. It was a military conflict between Napoleon’s empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. At this time Napoleon had invaded Spain and took King Ferdinand captive, placing his brother in the throne. Napoleon gave Ferdinand the option to hand over the throne and let his family and him live, or basically kill him. But meanwhile, in New -
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Initiation
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The Plans are Compromised
After the itinerary clubs’ plans are discovered by the audiencia, Spanish authorities raided Epigmenio Gonzalez’s house and found illegal items such as weapons. Doña Josefa notifies other important leaders like Ignacio Allende of what just happened but she could only get to Juan de Aldama, Josefa was captured but she did not give any intel of information regarding the plans they had been elaborating. This shows the loyalty that the rebels possessed, Josefa was strong and set an example. -
Grito de Dolores
Grito de Dolores: It is considered the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. The “grito” was a “pronunciamiento” of the Mexican Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Hidalgo decided to do the “grito” and ring the bells because after Josefa sent Juan de Aldama for Allende and Miguel, they came to a conclusion that they needed to act as soon as possible because if Spanish authorities went for Epigmenio, they were onto them. They all headed towards San Miguel de Allende to start their -
The Siege of Guanajuato
Father Miguel Hidalgo attacked on the city of Guanajuato with an angry mass of Mexican “insurgents”. The Spanish quickly defended themselves but many were killed. This was very important because it was the first ever independence war to be fought and won by the rebels. -
The Two Striking Forces
Hidalgo and Allende had split their army into two striking forces, they had already captured Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, and Valladolid with an army of about 80,000 men. At Monte de las Cruces the Spaniards were forced to retreat back into the city. Hidalgo was thinking on ending the war in that moment but they were short on men and ammunition, so he decided to abstain, which costed him 11 more years in the war. This event shows how a decision so small, can delicately and gravely impact the outc -
The Retreat
Royalist troops from the south caught up with the rebels. Although General Calleja was outnumbered by Hidalgo and Allende’s men, he conducted his operations superbly and caused the Rebels to flee when he set on fire the grass with an artillery shot that hit a rebel ammunition wagon. This is an event that connects to mesoamerica because for example the Aztecs had many men but lost many due to lack of good tactics. -
The New Leader
The rebels were taught a lesson by the Spanish; the Spanish arrested Miguel Hidalgo where he was executed, and his head was placed in Guanajuato in a pole as a warning or threat to the Mexican rebels. After Hidalgo’s death, Jose Maria Morelos took his place to be the leader of the Independence. This event showed how although the execution slowed down the movement because many arrangements had to be made, the rebels did not give up fighting for their freedom. -
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Consolidation
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Resistance
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Battle of Temalaca
A battle took place in Temalaca, Puebla led by Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon, but unfortunately at the end of the battle he was captured and executed by the Spanish. Sadly, the Spanish won this battle, they captured and executed Morelos along with his men. Important people like Morelos were killed this day, this was a tragedy for the Insurgents because they lost a great leader who was involved in their movement. -
Plan de Iguala
Their plan was to attract conservative support, it contained 23 articles but only three major guarantees. The guarantees were that the independent Mexican nation would be organized as a constitutional monarchy, the crown would be offered to King Ferdinand or other European prince, the Roman Catholic religion would be given a “monopoly”, and lastly criollos and peninsulares would be treated equally. The Ejercito de las Tres Garantias would be placed under the command of Iturbide t -
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Consummation
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Independence
Agustin de Iturbide met Vicente Guerrero where they both proclaimed the Plan of Iguala. It caused the union of all of the insurgent factions. It was supported by both the ruling class and clergy of New Spain, “it called for monarchy” in an independent Mexico. Agustin de Iturbide presented the Treaty of Cordoba to the Spanish. The Spanish agreed to the treaty which meant Mexico’s independence. It was important that Iturbide included that if no European ruler wanted to rule Mexico, a Mexican coul
