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Modern history is the period of the history that beginning after the Middle Ages, and The middle Age end when they discovered America. The modern period has been a time of many advances in science, politics, warfare, technology, and globalization. During this time, the European powers began expanding their political, economic, and cultural influences to the rest of the world.
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The British Parliament authorised the Enclosure Acts due to the rise in grain prices, open field system: common lands worked by peasants (subsistence farming) and shared pastures and enclosed properties.
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He built a production tool that he developed in 1733 that allowed us to weave cotton on a greater scale and speed than by hand.
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Interconnected changes (parallel revolutions) driven by innovation and pioneered by Great Britain (mid-18th century). In this time increase in food production and population, new machinery, the railway and the creation of a large domestic market, new systems for financing companies and facilitating payments.The consequences were the concentration of land ownership, improvement in farming techniques and poor farmers couldn’t enclose land
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Burning coal → Boiled water → Steam → Pressure → Continuous movement transferred to machinery
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Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, probably the most influential book on market economics ever written.
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Was a new mechanisation process, and was a spinning machine. The mechanical loom was the result of the evolution of the manual loom
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The Estates General met in Versailes in May, the Third Estate left the meeting.
The representatives of the Thrid Estate met in a pavilon in Versailles and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly. -
Louis XVI was frightened and in the autumn of 1789 accepted the National Assembly wich made France a contitunional monarchy and ended the Ancien Régime
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People stormed the Bastile. The revolution spread to the countryside where noble’s homes were burnt (The Great Fear).
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was aboilesh by National Constituent Assembly, that regonised the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation in August in 1789.
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The contemporary was the period after de Modern Age. Started with the French revolution and continues nowadays.
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The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, with various periods of violence, began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793. The causes were economical, social, cultural and political, and the 1789 events.
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In the first phase of the Revoution, the moderate bourgeoisie tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privileged classes to make Francce a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy. Todo this the National Constituent Assembly:
-aboileshed feudalism and approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
-drew up a constitution. -
The Women’s March on Versailles was a revolution that happened during the French revolution. From Paris’ markets, thousands of angry women (due to high prices of food), marched to
Versailles. They forced the king to abandon his palace and go to Tuileries Palace in Paris. -
A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791, but the royal family and the privileged classes did not accep the changes and asked absolute monarchies in Europe to help restore absolutism.
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Was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.
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Girondin Convention ruled the social republic. New assembly elected by universal male suffrage. Execution of Louis XVI (21st January 1793) and Queen Marie Antoinette (16th October 1793).
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Was the second phase of the Revolution. Start whith the Betrayal by the king and Military invasion of Prussia and Austria. New assembly elect by uniiversal male suffrage. This social republic was ruled by Girondists (moderate bourgeoisie) ana them Jacobins (most radical sector).
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Was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic.
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The Jacobins seized power and started the most extreme phase of the revolution. The executive power was controlled by Committee of Public Safety leaded by Robespierre. He put new laws like: Law of the Maximum, compulsory education, sale of assets of the privileged...
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Was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place
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King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris. Louis assembled the States-General, a national assembly that represented the three “estates” of the French people–the nobles, the clergy, and the commons. The States-General had not been assembled since 1614, and the third estate–the commons–used the opportunity to declare itself the National Assembly, igniting the French Revolution.
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The moderate bourgueoisie took back control of the Revolution and it entered its third and final phase. Jabobin laws cancelled and exiles from the Reign of Terror were encouraged to return. A new Constitution granted executive power to a collegial government, known as the Directory, and retored census suffrage. Napoleon Bonaparte organised a coup in 1799 thet ended the Directory.
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In 1799, Napoleon was named consu, and Consulate's rue began . This was a period of autocratic and authoritian rule. There were a new political system, the constitution also an economic reforms.
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In this context of crisis Napoleon Bonaparte organised
a coup (Coup of 18th Brumaire) supported by a large part of the
bourgeoisie and started and authoritarian rule and
the French Revolution was over -
The Constitution of 1800 established a legislature of three houses so was Separation of powers and declaration of rights. Very limited liberties and public opinion censured.
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Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Napoleon I, the first Frenchman to hold the title of emperor in a thousand years. Pope Pius VII handed Napoleon the crown that the 35-year-old conqueror of Europe placed on his own head.
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Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in 1803 and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804. He defeated most European monarchies. In 1811, the Napoleonic Empire had reached its zenith: it extended from Germany to Spain. France now controlled most of Europe.
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Was a treaty of Spain with French. The king of Spain allowed French troops to pass trough Spain to invade Portugal.
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In 1808, the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor's brothers, was made king.
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Napoleon persuaded the Bourbons to give the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph.
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There were phases: POPULAR RESISTANCE (1808), FRENCH OFFENSIVE (1808-12) and ANGLO-SPANISH
VICTORIES (1812-14). This war started the 2 May 1808 when popular uprising against French began in Madrid and spread
across the country. And ended whith the Treaty of Valençay (December 1813). -
This term describe people who dislike new technologyFirst workers to protest in England (early C.19th)
Violent destruction of machinery (responsible
for low wages and unemployment). Video: https://youtu.be/xu-uTjk95fo -
The Cortes drafted the first Spanish Constitution, La Pepa, establishing:
Separation of powers
Universal male suffrage
Individual freedoms and rights -
The Treaty of Valençay is an agreement signed in December 1813 at the castle of Valençay. Where the Emperor Napoleon I offered peace and recognized Ferdinand VII as King of Spain.
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With the Manifiesto de los Persas star the Six years of absolutism 1814-20
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The reign of Ferdinand hadve three etaps: Six years of absolutism 1814-20, Liberal Triennium 1820-23, Ominous Decade 1823-33
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It was a combat that took place on June 18, 1815 in the vicinity of Waterloo, a town in present-day Belgium located about twenty kilometers south of Brussels, between the French army, commanded by the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, against the British troops , Dutch and German
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Organizer by Austrian Chancellor Metternich. They try to: stop the spread of liberal ideas and restore absolutism. The consequences were the Holy Alliance Treaty (1815), absolute
monarchs would unite against any threat of liberal revolution (Russia + Prussia + Austria) and change of borders and political powers in
Europe. -
The powers thet defead Napoleon met at the Congress of Vienna. After reinstating monarchs on their thrones, the four great powers reshaped the Europena map. And the Congress of Vienna estabilished the ideological principes of the Restoration, such as the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignty.
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The Liberals called for the return of Fernando VII, called "the Desire." They asked him to sign the Constitution of 1812. This was the start of the second part of the FERDINAND VII.
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Part of the Ottoman Empire for centurie, Greeks had to pay high taxes, excluded from state administration jobs, dominated by people with religion and culture.
In 1822,Greeks declared independence (not recognized by the Turks)
In 1827, Greek victory thanks to French and British military intervention help.
1830. Recognized independence. -
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France.
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Combination Acts forbade workers to organize for the purpose of obtaining higher wages or controlling work-place conditions. The acts were repealed in 1824 as the result of a campaign
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A new transport that have more passengers and goods, less time, lower cost and the development of trade.
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Stephenson's Rocket was one of the first steam locomotives with a 0-2-2 wheel arrangement
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The Congress of Vienna did not respect the liberal principles or the nationalist aspirations of some European peoples. And two main opposition forces appeared: liberalism and nationalism. The movement began in France and insurrections spread all over Europe, with a significant popular support.
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The movement began in France and insurrections
spread all over Europe, with a significant popular support. Successful: Absolutism replaced by liberal political systems governed by a constitution in which the bourgeoisie held power. Unsuccessful: back to Absolutism. In France, Charles X (absolute monarch) was overthrown and substituted by the constitutional monarch Louis Philippe I. In 1831, a revolt broke out in Poland
against the autocratic Russian rule but was harshly suppressed -
Belgium was made part of the Kingdom of Holland by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, wich then became Kingdoms of the Netherlands.
1830 -39: Armed conflict after Belgium’s declaration of independence
1839: Recognition of independence. Liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. -
The reing of Isabella II have 5 phases: Regency of Maria
Christina (1833 - 40), Regency of Espartero (1840 - 43), The Moderate Decade (1843 – 54), The Progressive Biennium
(1854 - 1856) and The system in decline (1856 – 68). -
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. Began in the Basque Country lead by the experienced commander Zumalacárregui, who was defetated by the Liberal army of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara.
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In 1834, Prussia created a customs uniion (Zollverein) that united the majority of Germanis states.
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Unions of workers from the same field, appear after the repeal of laws prohibiting worker’s associations in 1824 in England.
In 1834, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union brought
together different types of workers to:
- Defend the right of association
- Improve wages
- Regulate child labour -
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was the constitution of Spain from 1837 to 1845. Its principal legacy was to restore the most progressive features of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and to entrench the concepts of constitutionalism, parliamentarism, and separation of powers in Spain.
- National sovereignty with census suffrage
- Separation of powers
- Two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate
- Granted many rights and individual liberties -
The Constitution of 1845 replaced the more liberal constitution established in 1837. Imposed by the Moderate Party when it took control of parliament.
-Highly restricted suffrage
- Civil liberties were restricted
- Sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown
- Reorganisation of State and municipal administration. Only
the Basque Country and Navarre held on their statutory laws
(dereitos forais) -
People lived under the rule of an empire (Austrian, Russian and Ottoman) or were fragmented into various states (Germany and Italy). So the rise of liberalism + expansion of nationalism = pursuit of independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires.
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Rise of liberalism + expansion of nationalism = pursuit of independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires.
In France, popular uprising proclaimed the
Second Republic -
The Bessemer process was the first chemical manufacturing process to produce good quality, inexpensive, cast iron steel from pig iron.
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The Restoration occurred when General Martínez Campos proclaimed Isabella’s II son, Alfonso XII, king of Spain Reigning from 1874 to 1885. After a revolution that deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France. His mother abdicated in his favour in 1870, and he returned to Spain as king in 1874 following a military coup against the First Republic. Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso XIII.
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Divided into several states C. of Vienna: Austria annexed Lombardy-Venetia.
1859. Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal monarchy of Savoy with Cavour as Prime Minister, started the unification.
Declared the war on Austria and annexed Lombardy.
1861. Victor Manuel II of Savoy proclaimed king of
Italy.
1866. Austria left Venetia.
1870. The Papal states were annexed and Rome became the capital. -
Divided into 36 states, associated with the German Confederation, where Prussia and Austria were competing for power.
1834. Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein)
1848. 1st freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia.
1861. New political figures in Prussia: King Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck as chancellor. War on Denmark (1864), on Austria (1866) and on France (1870).
1871. Proclamation of the Second German Empire (or Reich) with Wilhelm I as Kaiser -
First International of International Workingmen’s
Association was created at the initiative of Marx in 1864.
The First International was founded under the name of International Working Men’s Association at a mass meeting in London on Sept. 28, 1864. Its founders were among the most powerful British and French trade-union leaders of the time. -
Written in the middle of the 19th Century by German philosopher and economist Karl Marx, Das Kapital is essentially a description of how the capitalist system works and how, Marx claims, it will destroy itself.
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The only King of Spain from the House of Savoy, he was the second son of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and was known for most of his life as The Duke of Aosta. Amadeo of Savoy was chosen to take the throne, supported by progressives, unionists and democrats between 1870-73.
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The First Spanish Republic lasted two years, between 1873 and 1874.The First Spanish Republic was formed immediately after the abdication of King Amadeo I of Spain on February 11, 1873 following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree of dissolution of the artillery corps. The Frist Spanish Republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of Radicals, Republicans and Democrats.
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Second International was founded by Marxist in 1889 to
coordinate the various socialist parties.
The Second International was founded at a congress in Paris in 1889. Unlike the First International, it was based on the membership of national parties and trade unions only.
Established symbols of the labour movement:
- Anthem “The Internationale”
- International Workers’ Day
