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In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America.
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Napoleon imprisoned Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII and forced them to abdicate in his favor. Then, he named his brother, José Bonaparte, king of Spain.
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It began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards. Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities.
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Quito was to be the first in the history of Spanish America to proclaim, a government of its own. Soon they would proclaim their meetings, immediately, throughout 1810, Caracas (19/04), Buenos Aires (25/05), Bogota (20/07), and Santiago de Chile (18/08). In Mexico, (Guanajuato,16/08).
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They murdered 300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire Latin America
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The first Junta de Buenos Aires organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion, and the resulting government-held independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created.
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The crossing was epic, but, as they had planned, the six columns met less than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipu, assuring the independence of Chile.
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Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada.
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Together with O'Higgins, and with 200,000 pesos that he obtained from Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin
sailed from Valparaíso with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. -
On June 25, 1821, the royalist army was defeated at the Battle of Carabobo, the final victory of Venezuela's independence.
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San Martin declared independence and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority.
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Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain. -
He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru, and returned to his home in Mendoza, Argentina (01-1823).
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Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho, which put an end to Spanish rule in South America.
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Sucre went to Alto Peru, where there was no resistance, and made it independent as a sovereign state that adopted the name of Bolivia in honor of Simón Bolívar.
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The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, fed up with its disappointments with the centralism of Buenos Aires, and after the War with Brazil (1825-1828), it would be established as an independent entity in 1828.
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Frustrated in their desire for autonomy and free trade, a group of conservative creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican independence in 1839.
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There was the Lares cry for independence against Spain. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between the US and Spain. After this event, it was administered by the United States and is currently a commonwealth of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country.
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In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed.
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The E.E.U.U. intervened in the war which precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered from the E.E.U.U. occupation.
