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The independence of Latin America it began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards in 1809. Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. The process continued until it became a true continental war.
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The priest Miguel Hidalgo was placed in front of the Indians and peasants and launched, as we saw, the "cry of independence" in the town of Dolores. José Maria Morelos, who led the second stage of the revolution (1811-1815), a group of conservative creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833.
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In Asuncion (14-05-1811), and the resulting government-held independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created.
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Another federalist initiative was led by General José de San Martín, who promoted the Congress of Tucumán, which founded the United Provinces of South America (9-07-1816).
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San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans, only now he first had to liberate Chile and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile.
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Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada.
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Morillo and Bolívar sign the War Regularization Treaty (27-11-1820), which ends the "War to Death" period. A few months later, the royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the final victory of Venezuela's independence.
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San Martin sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820) with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile.
San Martin declared independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority. -
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain.
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Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore,
became independent along with Colombia. Of this one separated in 1904, by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal promoted the formation of a separate republic. -
Let us remember how the independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia.
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In their meetings in Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru.
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Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Junín (6-08-1824). Four months later, while Bolivar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho (9-12-1824), which put an end to Spanish rule in South America.
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Sucre went to Alto Peru in 1825, where there was no resistance, and made it independent as a sovereign state that adopted the name of Bolivia in honor of Simón Bolívar.
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The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, fed up with its disappointments with the centralism of Buenos Aires, and after the War with Brazil (1825-1828), it would be established as an independent entity in 1828.
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In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French
troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, which would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. -
The Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain
until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated. -
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country.
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In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first
republic was proclaimed. -
José Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary
Party y and looks for the old leaders of the revolution.
Martí dies in one of the combat actions (1895), but the revolutionary army continues to fight.
Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered the American occupation.
