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Economic:The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the
colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive
taxation.
Social:was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards.
Ideological:The forerunners of independence became aware of the differences between the colonies and the metropolis.
Influence of US independence and the French Revolution.
Napoleon names king of Spain:To the causes, we must add
the events that precipitated the
independence. -
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the
South American Creoles held three theses:
The rejection of Napoleon's claims to
America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and,
most importantly, the illegitimacy of both
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial
authorities appointed by the Spanish king.
Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own,
not appointed by the Crown. Soon they would proclaim their meetings,
immediately, throughout 1810, Caracas (04/19), Buenos Aires (05/25) -
Between 1810 and 1825, most of the Spanish empire on the American continent became independent. Only Cuba and Puerto Rico continued to be Spanish colonies until 1898.
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The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a
Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. The viceroys of Lima
and Bogota immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not
allow "a grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered
300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. -
Simón Bolívar -Member
of the Caraqueña boards of
1811- was named new military
leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called
Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator"
It
was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war: 65
main ships, 18 of battle, a ship of the line of 74 guns, 15,000 men,
accouterments, and provisions. -
Independence was signed on July 9, 1816, where a position that represented the mandate of the majority of the provinces prevailed: investing the United Provinces with the "high character of a free and independent nation of King Ferdinand VII, his successors and metropolis ".
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Chile was declared on January 1, 1818 through the Act of Independence of Chile, officially sworn on February 12, 1818. This declaration was recognized by Spain on April 24, 1844.
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Bolivar
faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo
counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua. Then Bolívar
crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas
(25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada. -
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence
from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) -
On July 28, 1821, José de San Martín declared independence in the current Peruvian capital proclaiming that: “Peru is, from this moment, free and independent by the general will of the peoples and by the justice of their cause that God defend. "
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Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in
Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated
the independence of the Great Colombia.
Let us remember, also, that Bolivar defeated
the royalist pastures in the battle of
Bomboná, and entered triumphant Quito (16-06-1822) -
In order to agree on the type of government that the new states would have, San Martín and Bolívar agreed to have a conference in Guayaquil. San Martín advocated a Constitutional Monarchy, Bolívar instead was in favor of a Democratic Republic.
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Uruguay declared its independence from the Empire of Brazil on August 25, 1825, and again became part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, thanks to the members of the Banda Oriental peoples.
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed
president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican
independence in 1839. -
On July 20, 1811, the Paraguayan junta sent a note in which it communicated that Paraguay would govern itself. ... The Paraguayans had made a revolution without firing a gun. On November 25, 1842, the independence of Paraguay was formally proclaimed, after the death of Doctor Francia.
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Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French
troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti.
In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of Hispaniola Island,
that it would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. -
Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain
until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated. -
UU and
Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be
administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that
country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son
Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he
proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was
succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first
republic was proclaimed. -
The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish
defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered
the American occupation.
