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Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV was King of Spain and the Spanish Empire from 14 December 1788, until 19 March 1808. Summoned to Bayonne by Napoleon Bonaparte, who forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate, Charles IV also abdicated, paving the way for Napoleon to place his older brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Spain. The reign of Charles IV turned out to be a major turning point in Spanish history. -
French Revolution
The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine.
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Manuel Godoy
Manuel Godoy was born in Badajoz. In 1792, he named First Secretary of State of Spain. He came to power at a young age as the favorite of Charles IV and Queen María Luisa. Despite multiple disasters, he maintained power. Many Spanish leaders blamed Godoy for the disastrous war with Britain that cut off Spain's Empire and ruined its finances. He was a supporter of enlightened despotism and was an upstart. -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was the last Bourbon king of France. In 1770 he married Austrian archduchess Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Maria Theresa and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. After a slew of governing missteps, Louis XVI brought the French Revolution crashing down upon himself. The execution of Louis XVI and also of Maria Antoinette by guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the “Revolution Square” in Paris.
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War of the Thrid Coalition
The War of the Third Coalition was a European conflict spanning the years 1803 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I, defeated an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war. -
Battle of Trafalgar
It was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. The Battle of Trafalgar was fought west of Cape Trafalgar, Spain, between Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar. In five hours of fighting, the British devastated the enemy fleet. No British ships were lost, but 1,500 British seamen were killed or wounded in the heavy fighting.
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Battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz was the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon’s greatest victories. His 68,000 troops defeated almost 90,000 Russians and Austrians, forcing Austria to make peace with France (Treaty of Pressburg) and keeping Prussia temporarily out of the anti-French alliance. The battle took place near Austerlitz in Moravia after the French had entered Vienna and then pursued the Russian and Austrian allied armies into Moravia. -
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Peninsular war
The Peninsular War (1807–1814) is the military conflict fought by Spain and Portugal, assisted by the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the France for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began in Spain with the Dos de Mayo Uprising on 2 May 1808 and ended on 17 April 1814 with the restoration of Ferdinand VII to the monarchy.
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Treaty of Fontainebleau
It was a secret agreement signed on 27 October 1807 in Fontainebleau,between King Charles IV of Spain and the Emperor Napoleon. The treaty divided Portugal into three parts. The central provinces would go to Napoleon, and the south, the Algarve,to Manuel de Godoy, Charle’s first Minister.The Treaty of Fontainebleau ultimately led to the Napoleonic occupation of Spain,the capture of Charles IV, and the designation of Joseph Bonaparte as ruler of Spain.
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Joseph Bonaparte
He was a French lawyer and diplomat, the older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I). Called away from Naples to become king of Spain, Joseph was forced to leave Madrid hastily when Spanish insurgents defeated French forces at Baylen. He was reinstated by Napoleon at the close of 1808 and thereafter was kept in a subordinate position that led him on four occasions to offer to abdicate. -
Tumult of Aranjuez
The Tumult of Aranjuez was an uprising led against King Charles IV that took place on 17–19 March 1808, in Aranjuez, Spain, where the royal family and the government were staying while on their way south, anticipating a French invasion from the north. Soldiers, peasants, and members of the general public assaulted Godoy's quarters and captured him. The mutineers made King Charles dismiss Godoy, and the court forced the King himself to abdicate in favor of his son Ferdinand VII. -
Second of May Uprising
The Dos de Mayo or Second of May Uprising of 1808 was a rebellion by the people of Madrid against the occupation of the city by French troops, provoking repression by the French Imperial forces. -
Bayonne Statute
It was a constitution or a royal charter approved in Bayonne, France, 6 July 1808, by Joseph Bonaparte as the intended basis for his rule as king of Spain.
The constitution was Bonapartist in overall conception, with some specific concessions made in an attempt to accommodate Spanish culture. Few of its provisions were ever put into effect: Joseph Bonaparte's reign as Joseph I of Spain was a period of continuous conventional and guerrilla wars. -
Cortes of Cádiz
The General and Extraordinary Cortes that met in the port of Cádiz starting 24 September 1810, claimed legitimacy, following the French invasion and occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars and the abdication of the monarch Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV. The Cortes of Cádiz was seen then as a major step towards liberalism and democracy in the history of Spain and Spanish America. The liberal Cortes drafted and ratified the Spanish Constitution of 1812. -
Spanish Constitution of 1812
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, promulgated on 18 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz, defined Spanish and Spanish-American liberalism for the early nineteenth century. It was a response to the constitutional crisis caused by the forced abdication and exile of Spain's legitimate monarch, Ferdinand VII, in 1808. Spanish liberals hoped to regenerate Spain through the adoption of a modern constitution.
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Battle of Vitoria
The Battle of Vitoria was a decisive battle of the Peninsular War that finally broke Napoleon’s power in Spain. The battle was fought between a combined English, Spanish, and Portuguese army numbering 72,000 troops and 90 guns under Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington, and a French army numbering 57,000 troops and 150 guns commanded by King Joseph Bonaparte. News of this victory inspired other countries to renew their plans to attack France and they declared war on Napoleon on 13 August. -
Restoration of Ferdinand VII
Five years later after experiencing serious setbacks on many fronts, Napoleon agreed to acknowledge Ferdinand VII as king of Spain on 11 December 1813 and signed the Treaty of Valençay. When Ferdinand returned to Spain in 1814 he was urged by reactionaries to abolish the Cortes of Cádiz and all its works, which he did almost immediately. He resumed his obsolete powers and attempted to recover control of Spanish America, now partly independent.
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The Congress of Vienna
It was one of the most important international conferences in European history. It remade Europe after the downfall of French Emperor Napoleon I. It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. -
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Trienio Liberal
is a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII. It ended in 1823 when, with the approval of the crowned heads of Europe, a French army invaded Spain and reinstated the King's absolute power. This invasion is known as "The Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis". -
The Congress of Veronna
It was the last of the meetings held by the European powers in accordance with the terms of the Quadruple Alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. Held at Verona, the congress was the last effective manifestation of the Holy Alliance. It was held to consider the situation in Spain. Convened because Louis XVIII wanted his allies consent to intervene in Spain, the congress agreed to support France if it should be attacked by Spain and authorized a French expedition into Spain. -
Execution of Rafael del Riego
He was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the outbreak of the Liberal Triennium. In 1808, during the Spanish War of Independence he was taken captive by the French and imprisoned in El Escorial. In 1820, he started a mutiny demanding the return of the 1812 Constitution. On September he was betrayed and taken prisoner in a country estate near the village of Arquillos, Jaén. On 7 November 1823, he was hanged at La Cebada Square in Madrid. -
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First Carlist War
Before Ferdinand VII died in 1833, he named his daughter the heir to the throne. Because of her age, her mother would rule for her.Some people supported this,but many others wanted his brother Carlos to become king instead.This was the cause of the First Carlist War. It was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840.It was fought between the supporters of Carlos V, Carlists, and the supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, which were called Liberals.
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Regency of Maria Christina
When Ferdinand died on 29 September 1833, Maria Christina became regent for their daughter Isabella. Isabella's claim to the throne was disputed by Carlos, who claimed that his brother Ferdinand had unlawfully changed the succession law to permit females to inherit the crown. Carlos' attempt to seize power resulted in the First Carlist War. Despite considerable support for Carlos from conservative elements in Spain, the Isabelinos successfully retained the throne for her daughter. -
Death of Fernidand VII and succession crisis
As Ferdinand lay dying, his new wife Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies had him set aside the Salic Law which would have made his brother Don Carlos heir to the throne instead of any female. Ferdinand was thus succeeded by his infant daughter Isabella II. Carlos revolted and said he was the legitimate king. Needing support, Maria Christina turned to the liberals.
