-
The Spanish armada was a planned attack on England orchestrated by Philip II. in his attempt to get back at Elizabeth for having people pirate Spanish ships, but he lost which causes the economy to decline. -
The Edict of Nantes granted religious tolerance to Huguenots and gave them substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. Not even 100 years later it was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 because he wanted France to be Catholic dominated. -
The Thirty Years war began after a because of the Defenestration of Prague. Religion divided much of Germany; Protestant in the north and Catholic in the south. As a result of the need for control, 1/3 of the population died and it wasn't until the Peace of Westphalia was signed, that the war ended. -
King Louis' main goal in building his lavish palace was to display his wealth and the power he held. The project took 40 years to complete and costed around 2.5 billion dollars (1994). -
The main cause of the civil war was the lack of agreement in aspects of both religion and the king's use of power. The cavaliers were in favor of Charles I and were wealthy, and the roundheads, led by Oliver Cromwell, were the country gentry and working class. -
The peace of Westphalia was a series of treaties that ended the thirty years war. It divided German lands into 360 separate states with different governments, churches, armed forces and policies for the next 200 years. -
Peter was the Czar of Russia for about 40 years. He worked to modernize Russia and traveled around Europe to bring western ideas back to Russia. He made remarkable progress in the development of the economy and overall bettered Russia. -
The English Bill of Rights is an act that Parliament passed that creates a separation of powers, limits the power of the king, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech. The bill ultimately gave Parliament power over the ruling monarchy. -
St. Petersburg is a Russian port city on the Baltic sea and was the capital for 2 centuries. St. Petersburg became a symbol of Peter the Great's new and more powerful Russia. -
For the first time in 175 years Louis XIV called for the estates general after the economic crisis in France deepened. France was on the verge of bankruptcy and nobody was willing to give France a loan. Therefore, bread riots spread and nobles denounced royal power due to their fear of taxes. Soon after the Estates General was ended, when the third estate created the national assembly. -
The national assembly was a major player in the French revolution because it represented the third estate, the largest. It demanded that the king make economic reforms so that poor people would have food. it ruled France for around 10 years. -
The national assembly was locked out of their meeting hall so they moved to a tennis court that was nearby. While their they took the tennis court oath which swore “never to separate and meet whatever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.” -
The storming of the bastille marked the beginning of the french revolution. It was a step towards freedom and a blow to absolute rule. -
Women marched for 12 miles to the palace of Versailles to voice their concerns on the high pricing of bread. The march ended the kings independence and signified a change in power that was about to overtake France. It symbolized a balance of power and favored the nations third estate who were previously mistreated and neglected. -
The new constitution set up a limited monarchy rather than an absolute monarchy. It reflected ideas from the enlightenment by ensuring equality for all male citizens and ending church interference with the government. It divided the power into different bodies of government rather than giving the king all of the power. -
Louis XIV was the last Bourbon monarch before the French revolution. Louis was convicted of treason after rumors of conspiracy with foreign powers emerged and he was sentenced to death by the French National Convention. -
The reign of terror was a period of extreme violence during the French revolution that ended with thousands dead. It was said to be caused by the war, fear of foreign invasion, rumors about counter-revolutionary activity, assassination plots in the government. -
The death of Maximillian Robespierre marked the end of the reign of terror. After trying to unsuccessfully end his life, Robespierre was brought upon the guillotine, making his execution ironic. -
Napoleon wanted to invade Russia because he hoped to capture the capital and wanted to end the Russian military threat. The operation however was unsuccessful because of Russia's smart strategy of only destroying Napoleons food supply. With no food, he lost half a million men and his army was destroyed. -
The battle of Waterloo was Napoleon's final defeat at the mercy of the Duke of Wellington. This ended his 20 year power lust to dominate Europe.