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ennis Court Oath (Proclamation of the National Assembly)
The representatives of the Third Estate decided to leave the Estates-General meeting because only one vote per state was allowed, instead of one per representative.They declared themselves the National Assembly of France. -
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Estates-General Meeting
It was meeting organised by the King to discuss France's financial and social crisis. In the meeting there were representatives of the nobility, the clergy and the Third Estate. -
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
It was a declaration aproved by the National Assembly in August of 1789. It stated the equality in taxation and laws, the individual freedoms and the rights of all citizens (although only male citizens). -
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Contemporary History
It is a period in history that started with the French Revolution and continues nowadays. -
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The French Revolution
It was revolution that started in France because the country's economic and social crises and France's enormous debt. It was influenced by the American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas. -
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Constitutional Monarchy
The Constitutional Monarchy was directed by the moderate bourgeoisie. During the Constitutional Monarchy feudalism was abolished, the First Franch Constitution was approved, the National Guard was formed, the Civil Constitution of the Clerg and the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen were approved. It finished with the flight to Varennes of the Royal Family. -
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Storming of the Bastille
The Third Estate stormed a prison called Bastille and freed the prisoners. The prison was a symbol of the absolute power of the monarchy and also held a lot of gunpowder and artillery. -
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Women's march on Versailles
A group of women from Paris armed with weapons went to Versailles, where the king was, and demanded the abolishment of manorialism because of the bread shortage. Because of this the king moved to the Tuileries Palace. -
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Women's march on Versailles
A group of women from Paris armed with weapons went to Versailles, where the king was, and demanded the abolishment of manorialism because of the bread shortage. Because of this the king moved to the Tuileries Palace. -
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First French Constitution
This constitution established a separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equaly. Despite this, the king could still veto. It also introduced census suffrage. -
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War of the First Coalition
They were a set of wars that ended in 1797. Europe fought against France. Eavh state that fought wanted to keep a part of France after its defeat, but the didn't succeed. -
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Social Republic
It was a republic led by the radical bourgeoisie. During this republic many people were killed, and the regime had a lot of opponents. It lasted until July of 1794 when a coup ended the dictatorial government. -
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Storm of Tuileries Palace
The sans-culottes stormed the Touleries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. This event signals the end of the Constitutional Monarchy and the beginning of the Social Republic. It was impulsed by the flight of Varennes of the monarchy. -
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Jacobin Convention
The Jacobins were the more radical bourgeoisie that directed the Social Republic. They approved a new constitution. During this convention, mass levy was organised and the Law of Suspects (every one who was accused of a crime was executed) and the Law of the Maximum were approved. The executive power was held by the Comitee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre. -
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Execution of Louis XVI
King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were imprisoned, charged with treason and executed during the Social Republic. They were executed with the guillotine. This caused the other absolute monarchies in Europe to form and absolutist coalition against France. -
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Conservative Republic
Jacobin laws were cancelled, sufragge was censitary and the executive power was held by the Directory. A new constitution was approved in 1995. It faced the opposition of the aristocracy and the common people, and it ended with a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte. -
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The Consulate
This period started with Napoleon's coup d'état. He was named consul, and he started an authoritarian rule. He wanted to bring back the moderate ideas that had impulsed the French Revolution. A new constitution was drafted, the state was organised into departments run by prefects, state schools (lyceés) were created, the Bank of France was founded and new banknotes were made. The exiles were allowed to return.
In 1803 Napoleon began the conquer of Europe. -
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Coup of 18th Brumaire
This coup d'état, organised by the general Napoleon Bonaparte, ended the Directory and marked the start of the Consulate. Napoleon wanted to bring back the more moderate ideas that had started the French Revolution in the first place and he had the support of a large part of the bourgeoisie. -
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Constitution of 1800
This constitution was installed during the Consulate and it established a new political system without separation of powers or declaration of rights. The liberties were very limited, and in order to control public opinion, censorship was imposed. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
The Napoleonic Empire was directed by Napoleon and counted with a large army and new military strategies that allowed France to conquer most of Europe. In it's zenith, in 1811, France ruled directly several states and had many satellite states. The states conquered by the Empire were unhappy because of France's indiscriminate violence and the submission to French interests. The Empire's downfall began when in 1812 they failed to conquer Russia and a revolt started in Spain. -
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Napoleon Crowned Emperor
Napoleo was crowned emperor of the French by the Pope at Notre-Dame. -
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Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
After the invasion of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was crowned king of Spain. -
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Congress of Viena
It was an evernt organised by the Austrian Chancellor Metternich with the powers that had defeated Napoleon (Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia). Their goal was to stop the spread of liberal ideas and to restore absolutism. They redesigned the European map, they established the principles of the Restoration, they denied national sovereignty and they accorded periodic meetings and the right of intervention to maintain the balance of power between them. -
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The Restoration of absolutism
This process begun with the Congress of Viena when the absolutists monarchies in Europe came together to fight agains liberal ideas. It ended with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. -
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Holy Alliance Treaty
It was treaty signed by the absolutist monarchs where they promised to unite against any liberal revolution. -
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Battle of Waterloo
In this battle France was defeated by Great Britain and Prussia. It marks the end of the Napoleonic Empire, because after the battle Napoleon abdicated. He was eent into exile on Saint Helena. -
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Greek War of Independence
Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, but they were not happy because they had to pay high taxes, weren't allowed to participate in state administration and the Turks had another culture and religion. In 1822 the Greeks declared their independence and were supported by a lot of European liberals. They defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1827, and it recognised their independence in 1830. -
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The Age of the Revolutions
The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 ended the restoration of absolutism that had begun in 1815 with the Congress of Viena. They presented new liberal and democratic ideal, demostrated the importance of workers and promoted universal suffrage. -
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The Belgian Revolution
The Congress of Viena created the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 by joining the Kingdom of Holland with Belgium. Belgium declared itself independent and became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. After an armed conflict, the Netherlands recognised Belgium's independence in 1839. -
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Revolutions of 1830
It was a movement prompted by liberalsm and nationalism tha had significant popular support. It began in France when Charles X, an absolutist king, was overthown and replaced by Louis Philipe I, a constitutional monarch. -
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Zollverein
It was a customs union that unified the majority of the German states. It was made by Prussia. -
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German Unification Process
In 1834 the Zollverein was created by Prussia. The 1st freely elected German parliament offered the German crown to the king of Prussia in 1848, but he rejected it because the German parliament was liberal. In 1861 Wilheim I became king of Prussia and he made Otto von Bismarck chancellor. Prussia declared war to Dennmark, Austria and France in 1862, 1866 and 1870 respectively, and won all the wars. In 1871, Wilheim I was made Kaiser of the Second German Empire (Reicht). -
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French Second Republic
It was republic proclaimed by a popular uprising in France during the Spring of Nations. This republic adopted several democratic measures, like universal male suffrage, press freedom or the abolition of death penalty. It also demostrated the importance of workers as a political force and recognised some of their rights. -
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Revolutions of 1848
Also called the Spring of Nations, these revolutions happened in European countries under the control of empires. Nationals had spread and many countries wanted to create liberal govenments. They took place in Viena, where chancellor Metternich was forced to resingn, Hungary, Bohemia, Italy and the German Confederation. I France a Second Republic was proclaimed and it adopted democratic measures. -
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Italian Unification Process
The monarchy of the Kingdom of Piedgemont and the Prime Minister Cavour started a unification process, declared war to Austria and annexed Lombardy. Garibaldy led a popular uprising and defeated the absolute monarchies in central and south Italy.
In 1861 Victor Manuel of Saboy was proclaimed king, in 1866 Austria left Venetia and in 1870 the Papal Stated were annexed. The capital was placed in Rome.