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Sep 26, 1500
First Occupants Barter System
The First Occupants used a system called the barber system. The system was when two parties would deal with value of their objects and trade them accordingly. The First Occupants did not have the notion of private property or ownership. They traded with there allies, tribes and families. The Natives travelled using there canoes and snowshoes for the winter. There was also economic roles divided based on gender. The men were hunters, women were farmers, and the elderly looked after the children. -
Sep 26, 1500
Beginning of Economic Development
The economy of Quebec was an unbalanced regional development, resource development, and employment at the beginning of the 16th century. Resources like fish, timber, fur, ore and other helped Quebec's economic development. The Europeans wanted to come to North America because of the amount of fish. The Catholics weren't allowed eating fish on Fridays because of good Friday. Therefore fish was in high demand. Fisherman had a strange relationship with Natives they either liked them or hated them. -
French Regime p. 1
When the French Regime started, the main concern of the people was the fur trade and the fortune it would bring. The French were allied with the Natives who hunted for the furs. New France continued to grow because of the fur trade. Beaver was very popular at that time, but when the beaver population annihilated the search of another territory initiated. Consequently, this caused New France to have a very large territory but a small population. -
French Regime p. 2
There was also trading posts like Trois-Rivières and Ville-Marie that were founded 40 years later. The French and Natives were allied, but because of this the French became involved with the Natives conflicts. The Natives also became involved in European conflicts because of the alliances with the French. -
Company of 100 Associates
The 100 Associates was a company that made a deal with the French government which was that the company of the 100 Associates was the only company allowed to trade fur in New France. In exchange of this privilege, The Company of 100 Associates would have to increase and develop the population of New France. The Company didn't care about in developing the colony, they mainly cared about making lots of money. They didn't focus on developing the colony because they were scared of fur competition. -
Mercantilism
Mercantilism was how France ran the economy of New France.
New France was responsible in sending the fur or natural resources to France. France would then transform these natural resources into
finished products. These products were then sold by Europe who would take all of the gold. France later on stopped this system.
Great Britain did not use mercantilism. New France's economy was based on fur. -
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade was invented by Jean Talon (first intendant of New France) trying to expand Canada's economy. The raw materials went from America to Europe. Europe turned the raw materials into finished products which then got transported to Africa for slaves and raw materials. Africa's products went to America. But this didn't end up working. The need of fur was high but there were fewer people who knew how to work with fur. -
British Regime p. 2
New jobs were created like lumberjack, loggers and sawmills. Great Britain also build ships mad out of Canadian timber. The Bank of Montreal was created in 1817 to allow people to invest and obtain credit. Timber industry also caused the development of new Regions like Mauricie, Outaouais and Laurentides. -
British Regime p. 1
When the British Regime started the economy was still working of the fur trade. In 178, The North-West Company was created and in 182 merged with the Hudson's Bay Company. At the end of the 19th century, the fur trade declined. In 1806, Napoleon then made a blockade to prevent Great Britain from acquiring timber to make their boats, timber was in demand. Great Britain got its timber from Canada. This caused an improvement and development of transportation: canals, railroads, steamships. -
Reciprocity Treaty
Britain ends the preferential trade agreement with Canada. The British didn't pay customs on the Canadian products. Consequence to this the price of the Canadian products went up in Great Britain, causing people no to buy them. In order to stop this Canada needed a new trade partner. The United States and Canada sign the Reciprocity treaty; customs. This helped Canada because the U.S. had a larger market. Therefore the U.S realized this and did not renew the agreement in 1864. -
Economic policies
John A. MacDonald created the National Policy in 1978. His main goal was to spark the economy. He enforced these three measures:
- Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
- Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
- Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
Population Changes
From 1871 to 1901 the population increased by 30-49%. Quebec's birth rate still remained high very high, but the farm population is high, motivating emigration. Unskilled workers were in demand so people from the farms moved to the cities. There was better jobs in Quebec and in the United States causing higher emigration. The
living conditions in the city were horrible: poor sanitation, diseases, no running water, malnourishment. Infant mortality was high and there was lots of pollution. -
First Phase of Industrialization
The factories removed the skilled people who worked very slow and cost a lot with less educated workers who would work in assembly lines. This helped the owners gain more money but this method was boring and dangerous. The first industries worked off coal, producing steam to help the engines work. In Quebec, there were new industries created. The first phase was based off finished products, horrible working conditions and the rural exodus. -
Second Phase of Industrilalization
Places like Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, and Mauricie developed for the using natural ressources. Eventually, the cities developed schools, and hospitals. The countryside was also developed. The Second Phase of Industrialization ended in 1915. In summary, this phase was based off the extraction of raw materials. -
The Great Depression
What caused the Great Depression was when the stock market crash in 1929. It happened because people were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, when debts were called in the stocks plummeted. Those who took loans were in debt and the stocks crashed and banks went bankrupt. On "Black Thursday" the stocks dropped below zero and people were ruined. Sectors of the economy were hit hard for example wheat farmers. There were massive lay offs and families bough as little as possible. -
Government Solutions to the Great Depression
The government put solutions into place in order to resolve the great depression:
-Public work projects to boost the economy
-Work Camps were made only for men
-Direct Aid, Food stamps were traded
-Encouraged Farming. If you farmed you made your own food (subsistence)
When World War 2 started in 1939 it led to a huge economic boost and the depression ended. -
World War II
Because people had barely any money during The Great Depression, people were scared of spending money. Spending is important because it helps build up businesses and jobs. When World War 2 started Canadians started to spend money. Factories helped provide uniforms and weapons for the war. Because the men were in the war, the woman then worked in factories causing a double income a week for families. What helped get out The Great Depression is WWII. -
Post-war period
Post-war was created after WWII, The Europeans homes were destroyed because of the war so they decided to immigrate to Canada. This caused immigration to increase, also Canada's economy was doing very well. -
The Quiet Revolution p. 1
The Quiet Revolution started with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and the Liberal Party. The Quiet Revolution was best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of
- social, economic &
- political reform in Quebec
The Quiet Revolution introduced the massive increase in government intervention. Several examples of this is, the government build the Montreal Metro, bought Hydro-Quebec and the expansion of Trans-Canada -
The Quiet Revolution p. 2
The way the government build up is by weakening the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. Also, modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada. Quebec is in a period of modernization jobs moved away from rural or hard labour. There are more intellectuals, and specialists. The commissions doubled, promoting the industries like steel, mining, compensation funds. -
The Quiet Revolution p. 3
Quebecers were very upset that they weren't getting paid as much as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities as Anglophones. The last largest project was the James Bay hydroelectric dams in the 1980s. There had been also an Oil Crisis in the late 1970s and 1980s which led to a recession and the disengagement of the State. -
Present Trade Agreements
Recently, Canada entered into trade agreements with the USA (The Free Trade Agreement of 1988) and also Mexico (NAFTA signed in 1993). Which shows the ever increasing effects of globalization.
(North America Free Trade Agreement)
