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Charles V came to realize that the Hapsburgs controlled empire was too much for one ruler to control, so he split the empire. -
It was a huge turning point for England. At the time, England was a small nation with a small navy going against the biggest nation, Spain, and England won.
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The Edict of Nantes granted Calvinist Protestants of France, Huguenots, substantial rights to the nation. Henry was promoting civil unity. -
England and Scotland is where the Stuarts ruled from 1603-1714. There was an up-rise of Court culture, but also an upbringing of war, plague, and fire. -
The Thirty Years War began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II attempted to force Roman Catholisism upon the Protestant nobles, causing them to rise up against Ferdinand II. -
Charles I raised an army against Parliament to deal with a rebellion in Ireland. -
The Peace of Westphalia once and for all changed the map of Europe. The Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. -
Cromwell was only Lord Protector for five years until he died January 30, 1661. -
"Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy." -britannica -
Louis XIV built Versailles to symbolize the lavish lifestyle of rule and beliefs about monarchy. It was to show the wealth and power of his nation -
William, a Dutch prince, married Mary, the daughter of the future King James II, in 1677. After James' succession to the English throne in 1685, the Protestant William kept in close contact with the opposition to the Catholic king. -
When his brother Ivan V died, Peter inherited a nation that was severely underdeveloped compared to the culturally prosperous European countries and was named Sovereign of all Russia. -
The English Bill of Rights was an act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II. The bill gave Parliament over monarchy. -
Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. After winning access to the Baltic Sea through his victories in the Great Northern War, Czar Peter I founds the city of St. Petersburg as the new Russian capital. -
He feared Maria Theresa's husband, Francis, becoming Holy Roman Emperor in place of Charles VII. -
In desperation at the financial crisis, King Louis XVI summoned a so-called Estates General in 1789 to approve new taxation. This was a representative body that had not met since 1614, but once it had been called, it developed a momentum of its own. -
The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge that was signed in the early days of the French Revolution and was an important revolutionary act that displayed the belief that political authority came from the nation's people and not from the monarchy. "We will meet anywhere!" -
It was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General. This Assembly called themselves the "National Assembly" since they represented at least 96% of the nation. -
The Storming of the Bastille was an event that occurred in Paris, France when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. -
The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789, were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. -
It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. -
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine. -
The Committee of Public Safety was set up during one of the crises of the Revolution when France was beset by foreign and civil war. -
The Reign of Terror begins when Robespierre declares Terror "the order of the day." This marks the beginning of almost two years of repressing perceived enemies of the Revolution. -
Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. The next day Robespierre and 21 of his followers were taken to the Place de la Révolution where they were executed by guillotine before a cheering crowd. -
After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. -
Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia.
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The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. The battle also ended the First French Empire and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and a time of relative peace. -
After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was subsequently exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. -
“men are born and remain free and equal in rights”