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Charles V divided the empire because he realized that it was too big and spread out to be ruled by one person. He handed the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand and gave the Netherlands to his son Philip of Spain. -
The Spanish Armada was a Habsburg Spanish fleet of 130 ships, the purpose was to bring an army to invade England. They were defeated by the English and hit by storms of their way back to Spain. -
The Edict of Nantes granted French protestants a large measure of religious liberty. It brought an end to violent religious wars. -
The thirty-year war was fought between France and Austria. The war was fought over religion between Catholics and protestants. -
The palace of Versailles was home to the French King Louis XVI and was the center of government. The hall of mirrors is the most expensive and most famous room in the palace. -
The English civil war was between the supporters of the king and the parliament. The main causes of the war were religious disagreements and the king's misuse of power. -
The Peace of Westphalia gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The agreement ended the long struggle between monarch rule in the Holy Roman Empire and the absolute rule of German princes. -
Peter was the Czar of Russia from 1682-1725. He worked hard to modernize Russia and traveled to different European countries to bring back new ideas. -
After William was asked to take action against King James, he arrived in England with an army to get rid of him. James II fled the country and Mary was invited to take the throne. -
Peter the Great built the city of St. Petersburg after he won access to the Baltic sea through his victories in the Great Northern War. St. Petersburg became the new Russian capital for 200 years. -
King Louis called the estates general to approve new taxation. He was forced to do this because of how bad the financial situation in France had become. -
The national assembly was created to represent the people of France and was an attempt to address France’s economic crisis. They made a constitution that established a limited monarchy with clear separation of power. -
Members of the French Estates-General for the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath. It said that they would not separate until a written constitution had been established. -
The Bastille is a state prison in Paris and it was attacked by the third estate, the commoners. They thought that there was ammunition and arms hidden in the prison, but there was not. -
The Women's march of Versailles was cause by people who were infuriated with the shortage and high prices of bread. The fighting did not last long, but the people remained out side the castle. The king and queen addressed the people which calmed them down, but that didn’t solve their problem. -
Louis XVI was executed because he was accused of conspiracy with foreign powers and resisted the advice of constitutional monarchists. -
The reign of terror was a long period of violence during the French revolution that was caused by a rivalry between the Girondins and the Jacobins. Frances government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people. -
Napoleon was a strong military commander and eventually became the dictator of France. He instituted many new government reforms and worked to improve the French economy by building new roads and encouraging business. -
This invasion was not successful, many of his soldiers died on their way to Russia and when he got to Moscow the city was deserted. His army ran out of supplies and had to return home, most of his army had starved to death or died from weather. -
Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo and soon after the Europeans exiled him to the island of St. Helena. They did not want to take any chances on his possible return.