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Grand Prince, Moscow
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Roughly 1440s
Slaves used to meet the labour requirements for field workers in sugar plantations in both coastal Africa and eventually in the colonial Americas -
Muslims now in control of the eastern Mediterranean, taking over the traditional land-sea trade routes and raised the fees for safe passage. Middle men of the Ottoman Sultan increased the prices of spices and luxury items as much as 1000 percent. This was motivation for Western nations to search for alternative routes to the East Indies
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Grand Prince
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Portugal finds a way to undercut Muslim traders: cargoes could be shipped by sea for a fraction of the cost by land.
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Funded by King Isabella of Castille and her finance minister Luis de Santander
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(Line of Demarcation)
Divides the world between Portugal and Spain -
Opened Indian Ocean to Portuguese traffic 1505 sees the first viceroy in India, and 1510, second viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque began developing a system of fortified posts at strategic locations, guaranteeing Portuguese domination of Indian Ocean trade, which was already occupied with commercial networks of the Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants.
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Sent by King Manoel I, who also commission de Gama. Critical for later sugar plantation and colonialism
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Powerful 16th century empire that benefitted from trans-Saharan trade of copper, gold, salt, and slaves Decline began in 1528 due to succession issues; trade shifting to the Moroccan coasts benefitted from Morocco, who took advantage of Songhai's empire and destroyed the Songhai army in 1591
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1519 - 1522 Revealed that the trip was three times the distance Columbus had calculated and it was not worth the trouble to sail this route to Asia
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Tsar
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Atlantic System:
Tobacco, alcohol, guns, textiles from Europe
Slaves slaves from West Africa
Sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton, coffee from Americas, back to Europe -
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1610 - 1612
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Absolutism in France
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Protestants (Lutherans and Calvinists) vs Catholic Habsburgs (Austria supported by Spain)
Catholics: Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, bring all of Germany under Catholic control
Protestants: Swedish Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus (feared his realm might come under Catholic rule) defeated Habsburgs in battles
Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis VIII) sought to protect France from Habsburg Spain and Habsburg Netherlands; block Catholic unification of Germany in the east
End:(Peace of Westphalia) -
Chosen by Louis VIII to run the government.
Sought to remove all obstacles to royal authority
Allowed Huguenots freedom of conscience, protected by Edict of Nantes
Felt that the fortified towns threatened the monarchy (they might turn against the government in the event of a protestant rebellion)
Sent aristocrats/agents of the king throughout the country to assert monarch control, lessening their influence over ordinary citizens -
Petition of Right
Eleven Years Tyranny -
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Embittered by the aristocrats
Centralization of authority required a large bureaucracy
Appointed ministers to head various government departments, with each minister reporting to the thing individually; thus he also undermined the power of the nobility -
End of Thirty Years War; absolutism in Austria and Prussia
Resulted in German states free to run their own affairs and decide if their realms should be Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist;
Ultimately causes Europeans to reconsider the basis of political authority/sovereignty
Holy Roman Emperor has no dictation over religion of its states -
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Tsar
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1685 - 1688
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1688 - 1689
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1697 - 1698
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Absolutism in Austria and Prussia
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Absolutism in France
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Absolutism in Austria/Prussia
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1768 - 1774
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American Revolution
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Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia
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1787 - 1792
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French Revolution
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1853-1856