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Period: 1237 to 1480
Russia: Mongol Rule
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Period: 1328 to 1340
Russia: Ivan I
Grand Prince, Moscow -
1440
Portuguese begin shipping slave cargo
Roughly 1440s
Slaves used to meet the labour requirements for field workers in sugar plantations in both coastal Africa and eventually in the colonial Americas -
1453
Conquest of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks
Muslims now in control of the eastern Mediterranean, taking over the traditional land-sea trade routes and raised the fees for safe passage. Middle men of the Ottoman Sultan increased the prices of spices and luxury items as much as 1000 percent. This was motivation for Western nations to search for alternative routes to the East Indies -
Period: 1462 to 1505
Russia: Ivan III, the Great
Grand Prince -
1489
Bartholomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope, Southern Africa
Portugal finds a way to undercut Muslim traders: cargoes could be shipped by sea for a fraction of the cost by land. -
1492
Columbus Reaches the Caribbean Islands
Funded by King Isabella of Castille and her finance minister Luis de Santander -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
(Line of Demarcation)
Divides the world between Portugal and Spain -
1498
Vasco de Gama reaches India
Opened Indian Ocean to Portuguese traffic 1505 sees the first viceroy in India, and 1510, second viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque began developing a system of fortified posts at strategic locations, guaranteeing Portuguese domination of Indian Ocean trade, which was already occupied with commercial networks of the Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants. -
1500
Pedro Alvares Cabral Lands in Brazil
Sent by King Manoel I, who also commission de Gama. Critical for later sugar plantation and colonialism -
1500
Songhai Empire in West Africa
Powerful 16th century empire that benefitted from trans-Saharan trade of copper, gold, salt, and slaves Decline began in 1528 due to succession issues; trade shifting to the Moroccan coasts benefitted from Morocco, who took advantage of Songhai's empire and destroyed the Songhai army in 1591 -
Period: 1509 to 1547
England: Henry VIII
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1517
Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Thesis
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1519
Magellan Expedition Circumnavigates the Globe
1519 - 1522 Revealed that the trip was three times the distance Columbus had calculated and it was not worth the trouble to sail this route to Asia -
Period: 1533 to
Russia: Ivan IV, the Terrible
Tsar -
Period: 1558 to
England: Queen Elizabeth I
-
Period: to
Russia: Time of Troubles
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Period: to
Growth of the Atlantic System and the Slave Trade
Atlantic System:
Tobacco, alcohol, guns, textiles from Europe
Slaves slaves from West Africa
Sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton, coffee from Americas, back to Europe -
Period: to
England: James I
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Russia: Polish occupation of Moscow
1610 - 1612 -
Period: to
France: King Louis XIII
Absolutism in France -
Russia: Michael Romanov elected as Tsar
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Period: to
Thirty Years War
Protestants (Lutherans and Calvinists) vs Catholic Habsburgs (Austria supported by Spain)
Catholics: Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, bring all of Germany under Catholic control
Protestants: Swedish Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus (feared his realm might come under Catholic rule) defeated Habsburgs in battles
Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis VIII) sought to protect France from Habsburg Spain and Habsburg Netherlands; block Catholic unification of Germany in the east
End:(Peace of Westphalia) -
Period: to
France: Cardinal Richelieu as first minister
Chosen by Louis VIII to run the government.
Sought to remove all obstacles to royal authority
Allowed Huguenots freedom of conscience, protected by Edict of Nantes
Felt that the fortified towns threatened the monarchy (they might turn against the government in the event of a protestant rebellion)
Sent aristocrats/agents of the king throughout the country to assert monarch control, lessening their influence over ordinary citizens -
Period: to
England: Charles I
Petition of Right
Eleven Years Tyranny -
Period: to
England: Eleven Years Tyranny
-
Period: to
English Civil War
-
Period: to
France: King Louis XIV
Embittered by the aristocrats
Centralization of authority required a large bureaucracy
Appointed ministers to head various government departments, with each minister reporting to the thing individually; thus he also undermined the power of the nobility -
Peace of Westphalia
End of Thirty Years War; absolutism in Austria and Prussia
Resulted in German states free to run their own affairs and decide if their realms should be Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist;
Ultimately causes Europeans to reconsider the basis of political authority/sovereignty
Holy Roman Emperor has no dictation over religion of its states -
Period: to
England: Rule of Oliver Cromwell
-
Period: to
Russia: Reforms of Nikon and Church Schism
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Period: to
England: Charles II
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Period: to
Russia: Peter I, the Great
Tsar -
England: James II
1685 - 1688 -
England: Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
1688 - 1689 -
Russia: Peter's Grand Embassy to Europe
1697 - 1698 -
Expulsion of Ottoman Turks from Hungary
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Period: to
Russia: Great Northern War
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England: Act of Settlement
-
Period: to
Prussia: King Frederick I
Absolutism in Austria and Prussia -
Period: to
England: Queen Anne (last Stuart monarch)
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Russia: Founding of St. Petersburg
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Kingdom of Great Britain Formed
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Period: to
England: King George I
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Period: to
France: King Louis XV
Absolutism in France -
Proclamation of Russian Empire
-
Period: to
England: King George II
-
Period: to
Prussia: King Frederick II (the Great)
Absolutism in Austria/Prussia -
Period: to
Russia: Empress Elizabeth I
-
Period: to
Russia: Empress Catherine II, the Great
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First Russo-Turkish War
1768 - 1774 -
Boston Tea Party
American Revolution -
Period: to
Joseph II Reforms
Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia -
Second Russo-Turkish War
1787 - 1792 -
Estates General and Bastille Stormed
French Revolution -
Crimean War
1853-1856