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It is the process of economic, social and technological transformation. It lasted from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th. The biggest changes came in the industries in the form of mechanization. Mechanization was why agriculture started to be replaced by the industry as the backbone of the societal economy.
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It was an act of the British Parliament that imposed a direct and specific tax on the thirteen colonies of British America that required that most materials printed in the colonies be published on stamped paper produced in London, stamped with a raised revenue stamp. -
The American Revolution (also called the U.S. War of Independence) was the insurrection fought between 1775 and 1783 through which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
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The Tea Party took place on December 16, 1773, in Boston, Massachusetts, in which 3 shipments of tea were thrown into the sea. A group of colonists disguised as Amerindians dumped a cargo of tea from three British ships into the sea. -
The American War of Independence was a war that pitted the original Thirteen British Colonies in North America against the Kingdom of Great Britain. It occurred between 1775 and 1781, ending with the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown and the signing of the Treaty of Paris. -
Between 1756 and 1776, Parliament issued a series of taxes on the colonies, including the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Duties of 1766, and the Tea Act -
The Battle of Saratoga was one of the most important warfare fought during the course of the American War of Independence. -
The Battle of Yorktown took place during the American War of Independence between September 26 and October 19, 1781. -
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that was signed in Versailles at the end of World War I by more than fifty countries. This treaty put an end to what would be "the last war", it tried to limit future military adventures by part of Germany -
Written in 1787, ratified in 1788, and in operation since 1789, the United States Constitution is the world's longest-surviving written charter of government. Its first three words – “We The People” – affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. -
The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, with various periods of violence. it spread to other European nations that faced supporters and opponents of the system known as the Old Regime.
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The Estates-General of 1789 was a meeting of the three estates of pre-revolutionary France: clergy, nobility, and commons. Summoned by King Louis XVI of France to deal with financial and societal crises, it ended with the Third Estate breaking from royal authority and forming a National Assembly -
Its function is to debate, propose, and reform laws, it also has the function of controlling the action of the Government. It is located in the Bourbon Palace in Paris. -
The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was a constituent assembly in the Kingdom of France formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789 during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved on 30 September 1791 and was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly.
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Its fall into the hands of the Parisian revolutionaries symbolically marked the end of the Old Regime and the starting point of the French Revolution. -
The abolition of feudalism meant that commoners did not have to pay lords to live and work on the lord's property. -
Approved by the National Constituent Assembly, it is one of many of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution in terms of defining personal and community rights, as well as universal ones. -
the first written constitution in French history, it was promulgated by the National Constituent Assembly, which was accepted by Louis XVI. It contained the reform of the French State, leaving France configured as a constitutional monarchy -
The legislature of France from October 1, 1791, to September 20, 1792, during the years of the French Revolution. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and the National Convention.
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In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire on 18 May 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times.
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The Tuileries Palace was stormed by sans-culottes, the revolutionary lower classes of Paris, and by provincial militias called fédérés -
It was the main institution of the First French Republic. The convention was an elected assembly of a constituent nature that concentrated executive powers -
Each party holds a national convention to select a final presidential nominee. State delegates from the primaries and caucuses selected to represent the people will now “endorse” their favorite candidates and the final presidential nominee from each party will be officially announced at the end of the conventions.
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The new National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Louis was convicted of treason and executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793. Marie Antoinette was executed nine months later. -
It was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. This execution was carried out in the Plaza de la Revolución, formerly known as the Plaza de Luis XV. -
It was was a political group during the French Revolution -
The French constitution of 1793 was the first French republican constitution, drawn up by the National Convention and approved on June 24, 1793. -
The Girondins were a political faction that splintered from the Jacobin club. They were moderate revolutionaries. -
The Constitution of 1795 established a liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes, similar to that of the Constitution of 1791. -
The Directory (also called Directorate, French: le Directoire) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 8 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.
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The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history.
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The Coup of Brumaire was undoubtedly one of the most influential coup d'etats in history. -
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state. -
Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul for Life. -
The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. -
The First French Empire, also known as the Napoleonic Empire or Napoleonic France, was the monarchical government established by Napoleon Bonaparte following the dissolution of the First French Republic in 1804.
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Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French -
The Battle of Trafalgar, also known as the Trafalgar Combat,3 was a naval battle that took place on October 21, 1805, within the framework of the third coalition initiated by the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Naples, and Sweden to try defeat Napoleon Bonaparte from the imperial throne and dissolve existing French military influence in Europe. -
The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, took place between the French army led by Emperor Napoleon I against the combined Russian-Austrian forces. -
Battle between France and Prussia in German territories -
Continental Blockade was the main basis of the foreign policy of Emperor Napoleon I of France in his fight against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. -
It was an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the representatives of Austria, Russia, and Prussia in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. -
It was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire and the armies of the Russian Empire. -
The Aranjuez Mutiny occurred between March 18 and 19, 1808 through the streets of this Madrid town. The mutiny was unleashed in protest of the policies of Manuel Godoy -
It was during the Spanish War of Independence and was the first defeat in the open field in the history of the Napoleonic army. -
The Spanish War of Independence was a war that took place between 1808 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose claim was to install Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne after the Bayonne abdications.
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It was a military confrontation of the Spanish War of Independence. It took place next to the Toledo city of Ocaña. -
The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional cortes (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous ones.
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Spanish Constitution of 1812 or Constitution of Cádiz, popularly known as La Pepa, was promulgated by the Spanish General Courts, made up of deputies from America, Asia, and the Peninsula, meeting extraordinarily in Cádiz on March 19, 1812. It has been granted a great historical importance for being the first Constitution promulgated in Spain, as well as being one of the most liberal of its time. -
It was a siege for the conquest of the Spanish city of the same name between the French and their allies. This siege falls within the series of sieges that occurred during the Spanish War of Independence. -
The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from October 16 to 19, 1813 in Leipzig, Sajonia. -
The battle of Vitoria was fought on June 21, 1813, between the French troops that escorted José Bonaparte in his flight and a conglomerate of Spanish, British, and Portuguese troops. -
Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I's first abdication and completed its “Final Act” in June 1815, shortly before the Waterloo campaign and the final defeat of Napoleon.
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The monarch Fernando VII recovered political power through the coup d'état of General Francisco Javier Elío against the Regency. Fernando VII decreed a return to absolutism with the support of part of the army and a group of 69 deputies from the Cortes of Cádiz.
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A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition. -
The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement for the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806. -
The Holy Alliance was a pact concluded, at the initiative of Alexander I of Russia, between Austria, Russia and Prussia, on September 26, 1815 in Paris, after the Battle of Waterloo.
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The Conservative Order was the period in political history of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830, a conscious program by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh, was put into place to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring the old orders, particularly the previously-ruling aristocracies.
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The period known as the Hundred Days, or Waterloo Campaign, runs from March 20, 1815, the date of Napoleon's return to Paris from his exile on Elba, to July 8, 1815, the date of Louis's second restoration. XVIII as King of France.
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The Argentine War of Independence was a secessionist civil war fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. -
The Chilean War of Independence was a military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy, ending the colonial period and initiating the formation of an independent republic. -
The Colombian Declaration of Independence occurred on July 20, 1810 when the Junta de Santa Fe was formed in Santa Fe de Bogotá, the capital of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, to govern the territory autonomously from Spain. -
The Riego pronouncement was a pronouncement led by Lieutenant Colonel Rafael del Riego that took place in Spain in 1820 during the reign of Fernando VII and that was the trigger for the Revolution of 1820. -
The Liberal Triennium or Constitutional Triennium is the period in the contemporary history of Spain that runs between 1820 and 1823 and constitutes the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Fernando VII is conventionally divided, being after the Absolutist Sexennium and before the Decade.ominous
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The independence of Mexico was the consequence of a political and social process resolved with arms, which put an end to Spanish rule in most of the territories of New Spain and began the First Mexican Empire. -
The Greek War of Independence, or the Greek Revolution, was the armed conflict waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1830 against the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
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Napoleon was only 51 when he died on the island of St. Helena, where he was out of power and exiled from his beloved France. -
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium -
José de San Martín and his forces liberated Peru and proclaimed its independence from Spain on 28 July 1821 -
Confederate general Beauregard and his troops, though outnumbered by the Federals, saved Petersburg from Union capture -
In this conflict, the patriots of several countries beyond their national borders faced the Spanish royalists. -
A document drafted in 1717 by Emperor Charles VI provided for his daughter Maria Theresa to succeed in all his territories should he die without a son. Opposition to it led to the War of the Austrian Succession on Charles's death in 1740. -
On August 2, 1830, King Charles X abdicated the French throne, skipping over his son and naming his grandson, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, as his successor. But Louis-Philippe refused to accept the terms of the abdication, and instead had himself proclaimed King of the French. -
William I sent in his troops, but they were expelled on September 27th, 1830. The rebels received support from volunteers outside the city. Following this rising Belgium separated from the Northern Netherlands. A provisional government declared independence on October 4th, 1830.
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It was an armed rebellion against Russian rule in Congress Poland. It is included within the European revolutionary cycle, which began on the three days of July in France, which is known as the Revolution of 1830. -
King Ferdinand VII died on September 29, 1833, and his daughter, not quite three years old, succeeded to the throne as Queen Isabella II. -
The first Carlist war was a civil war that took place in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlists, supporters of the Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an absolutist regime, and the Elizabethans or Christians, defenders of Isabel II and the regent María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was originally moderate absolutist and ended up becoming liberal to gain popular support.
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The regency of María Cristina de Borbón constitutes the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, during which her mother María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias assumed the functions corresponding to the Crown (1833-1840) and had to do against the first Carlist war unleashed by supporters of Carlos María Isidro —brother of King Ferdinand VII, who died in September 1833.
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The Royal Statute was promulgated in Spain in April 1834 by the regent María Cristina de Borbón as a charter granted, like the one that governed the Monarchy of Louis XVIII in France. -
The Customs Union of the States of Germany was a customs organization established in 1834 through which tariffs were abolished among the members of the German Confederation, with the exception of Austria. -
The Spanish confiscation was a long historical, economic and social process that began at the end of the century. -
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. -
The regency of Espartero was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because, after the triumph of the "revolution of 1840" that put an end to the regency of María Cristina de Borbón, mother of the future queen Isabel II —then nine years old— General Baldomero Espartero assumed the regency in her place.
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During Isabella II’s reign, several constitutions were proposed
and limited male suffrage was established. Isabella was
supported of two political parties: the Moderate Liberal Party and the Progressive Liberal party. In 1956 another monarchical party appeared: the Liberal Union. -
In the history of Spain, the década moderada ("moderate decade") was the period from May 1844 to July 1854, during which the Moderate Party continuously held power.
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The Constitution of 1845 replaced the more liberal constitution established in 1837. Imposed by the Moderate Party when it took control of parliament, the Constitution of 1845 drastically constricted suffrage, among other changes. -
The war of the matiners, Second Carlist War or Montemolinista campaign was a war that took place mainly in Catalonia between September 1846 and May 1849.
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The Second French Republic was the republican political regime established in France during the period between February 25, 1848, and December 2, 1852. -
The Constitutional Reform of 1848 laid the foundations for the current system of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands. -
The offer was refused. Frederick William was too deeply conservative to receive a German imperial crown from any hands except those of the other German princes.
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A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both -
A year later, on 21 and 22 November 1852, the Prince-President asked the French to accept the return of the Imperial regime; it would be the Second French Empire. The referendum was favorable, and thus Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon III on 2 December 1852. -
It began because it began with the confrontation between the rebel troops under the command of General Leopoldo O'Donnell and the government troops in the vicinity of the Madrid town of Vicálvaro. It was a military uprising followed by a popular insurrection, which took place between June 28 and July 28, 1854, during the reign of Elizabeth II. This ended the moderate decade and gave way to the progressive biennium -
Biennio Progresista is the name by which the brief period in the history of Spain that elapsed between July 1854 and July 1856 is known, during which the Progressive Party tried to reform the political system of the reign of Isabel II, dominated by the Moderate Party. since 1843, by delving into the characteristics of the liberal regime, after the failure of moderate governments in the previous decade.
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The Spanish confiscation was a long historical, economic and social process that began at the end of the 18th century with the so-called "Godoy Confiscation" —although there was a precedent in the reign of Carlos III— and ended well into the 20th century. -
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The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Franco-Austrian War, the Austro-Sardinian War or the Italian War of 1859, was fought between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial role in the unification process of italy -
The Italian Unification was the historical process that, throughout the 19th century, led to the union of the various States into which the Italian peninsula was divided, for the most part linked to dynasties considered "non-Italian", such as the Habsburgs or the Bourbons
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Red Shirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his expedition of the Thousand, but the name is sometimes extended to volunteers for other revolutionary campaigns. The name derives from the color of the shirts they used to identify themselves -
Victor Emmanuel II was the last king of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the first king of Italy. First-born son of Carlos Alberto I, King of Sardinia and Maria Teresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. He was King of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and King of Italy from 1861 to 1878. -
The War of the Duchies or Second Schleswig War was a military conflict that pitted the Austrian Empire and Prussia against Denmark in 1864. The latter country was defeated, so Schleswig-Holstein had to cede, which was annexed by the other two powers. -
The unification of Germany was a historical process that took place in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe and that ended with the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, bringing together various hitherto independent states.
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The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War was a military conflict within the German Confederation, which occurred between June 14 and August 23, 1866, between the Austrian Empire and Prussia. -
The Revolution of 1868, called the Glorious or September Revolution or the Septembrina, was a military uprising with civilian elements that took place in Spain in September 1868, which led to the dethronement and exile of Queen Elizabeth II and the beginning of the period called the Democratic Sexennium. -
Since the 1st Century AD, Rome has been considered the seat of the Papacy and in the 8th Century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. -
The Franco-Prussian War was a war that was fought between July 19, 1870 and May 10, 1871 between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with the support of the North German Confederation and the allied kingdoms. from Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg
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The Second Industrial Revolution refers to the interrelated changes that occurred from approximately 1870 to 1914, when World War I began. During this time the changes underwent a strong acceleration.
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The German Empire was the form of State that existed in Germany since its unification and the proclamation of Wilhelm I as Emperor, on January 18, 1871. -
Amadeo I de España, llamado «el Rey Caballero» o «el Electo», fue rey de España desde el 2 de enero de 1871 hasta el 11 de febrero de 1873. Fue, además, el primer duque de Aosta y cabeza de la rama Saboya-Aosta. Fue elegido rey de España por las Cortes Generales en 1870 tras el destronamiento de Isabel II en 1868.
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The Third Carlist War was a civil war that took place in Spain from 1872 to 1876, between supporters of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne, and the governments of Amadeo I, the First Republic and Alfonso XII.
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The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain from its proclamation by the Cortes on February 11, 1873, until December 29, 1874 when the pronouncement of General Martínez Campos led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.