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Haitian Revolution
primary electoral assemblies in Saint-Dominique are formed to elect colonial representatives to the legislative body in France. The outcome ruled by L'Ouverture resulted in positions for Lave-aux and Sonthonax as deputies to the French legislature.Power struggles develop in the face of L'Ouverture's growing power. To solidify his position and strengthen his ties, Sonthonax appoints L'Ouverture Commander-in-Chief of the army. -
Romanticism
Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. -
Mexican war of independence
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or “Cry of Dolores,” The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land, and racial equality.Napoleon’s occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. -
Greek Revolution
In 1821 the land that was known as Greece is controlled by the Turks, then the French and in 1815 by the British. The rebellion of the Greeks actually begins in Moldavia when an army of 4500 Hellenes led by General Alexander Ypsilant When the revolution breaks out in the Peloponessos, the Sultan in Istanbul hangs the Patriarch Grigorios V for failing to keep the Greek Christians in line which they considered his duty for the vast privileges they allowed him. -
Latin American Wars of Independence (North, Simon Bolivar)
The Latin American Wars for Independence were a turbulent time for these former Spanish colonies. It began when Napoleon Bonaparte dethroned Ferdinand and replaced him with his brother. This lead to a weakening of Spanish power in Latin America and a surge of support for independent republics. Mexico was the first to revolt and attempt to gain their independence, lead by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. This revolt, however, was unsuccessful and Hidalgo was executed in 1811. -
Brazilian independence
Since Brazil had been ‘discovered’ by the Portuguese in the 16th century, the governing of this land had, largely, been up to this European nation. Of course, other nations (such as France) tried to gain military and political power but had been largely unsuccessful. Since 1808, King Dom João VI had been residing in Brazil, having made it one of the Kingdoms of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves. -
Latin American Wars Of Independence (South, Simon Bolivar)
The wars of independence were just beginning, because in 1816 Bolivar returned to Venezuela beginning the tide of successful uprisings. He began to recruit anyone who would fight against the Spanish, and lead an Army against the Spanish government. Meanwhile Jose de San Martin defeated the Spanish in Chile in 1817. This was the first true victory against the Spanish by the Latin Americans. This victory set off a tide of victories for the cause of Latin American Independence. -
Italian unification
In 1815 at the close of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars the statesmen representing the great powers, in their efforts to restore stable governance to Europe after twenty-six years of turmoil, came to accept (under the persuasion of Talleyrand - the Foreign Minister of the recently restored French monarchy) that "legitimate sovereigns" should be restored, where possible, to their thrones. Prior to the first irruption of what developed into French and European. -
German Unification
Creation of the German Confederation under the presidency of Austria. Prussia and Austria were the two most powerful German states. Traditionally Austria was recognized as the most important. There was a strong popular movement for unification but neither Austria nor Prussia was prepared to allow it happen.Inter-state trade barriers removed with the setting up of the “Zollverein”. Austria excluded from this organisation.
