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The Royal Government
The King decided that he wanted a Governor and Intendant to be in control of the colony. The King remained in France while both Governor and Intendant lived in New France. -
Great Peace of Montreal
40 aboriginals nations agreed to consider the King of France their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their disputes and help France in wars -
Treaty of Utretch
End of the war of the Spanish Sucession
- Britian gets control of the Hudsons Bay area, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland from France -
Articles of Capitulation
- French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
- French military would lay down their arms and leave
- The people could still practice their Roman Catholic religion but the Bishop would have to leave
- People who stayed would become British subjects
- French Elite left because they could afford to do so and had a chance to still live as elite in France
- New France is now under British Military control (1760-1763)
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Royal Proclammation
King needed something to control the French population so they put in place the Royal proclamation
- renames the colony (province of QC)
- decreases the borders to around the st-Lawrence valley
- civilian government (king appointed a governor who appointed members to the executive council)
- English criminal and civil law were applied
- no new bishop would be allowed
- no Roman Catholics could hold office (test oath/act)
GOAL : ASSIMILATE THE FRENCH -
Quebec Act
Fear french will join the 13 colonies rebellion so to guarantee French Canadian loyalty they :
- enlarge the area of QC to include the Great Lakes
- denied an elected assembly (1% of the population is English)
- allowed for an appointed council
- french civil laws were re-installed
- Test Oath replaced with Oath of Allegiance (loyal to king to hold office) -
Constitutional Act
Representative Government
Upper Canada: roughly 20 000 people
- entirely English
- Protestant, used the townships system and English civil laws
Lower Canada: roughly 160 000 people
- mostly French people (10% loyalists/merchants)
- kept catholic religion, civil laws and now francophones could work in the administration of Lower Canada -
92 Resolutions
Louis-Joseph Papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur) the leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly in 1834
- the main demand was for RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (members of the council could be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by the people would be responsible for its descions)
- document sent to London to review -
10 Russel Resolutions
They reject the request for an elected council and instead of gaining power, the elected assembly actually lost some power
- the governor (Lord Gosford) now had the power to take money from the provincial treasury to pay the officials in the colony
- this really upsets the Patriotes and thus begins the demonstrations that eventually lead to the rebellions -
Aftermath of the fighting
99 captured militants were condemned to death
- 12 sent to the gallows
- 58 were transported to the penal colony of Australia
In total, the 6 battles of both campaigns left 325 dead, 27 of them soldiers and the rest rebels
- papineau fled to the states -
Act of Union
- Creates the province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (formely Upper and Lower Canada)
- Canada east and west each had 142 members to its assembly
- Governor still had control and veto power
- Canada east and west would equally pay for Canadas debt (Canada west owed 10x)
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Charlottetown Conference
Province of Canada meets with NB, NS and PEI to discuss the terms of merging together and they agree to meet again -
Quebec Conference
Same provinces and NFLD come up with the 72 resolutions that would make a merger possible
- the main ideas: a federal system with 24 seats to each colony, rep by pop and a railway linking the provinces -
London Conference
In 1867 there is a new self governing entity created under the British North America Act the Dominion of Canada with its capital in Ottawa. The Province of Canada then becomes ON and QC joined by NB and NS. Other provinces join eventually -
British North America Act
1867, Canada becomes a federation thanks to the signing of the BNAA, instead of being just Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Ontario.The powers of the government were also divided between the provincial government and the federal government -
Conscription WW1
Once they started to run out of soldiers in WW1 they decided to enlist any man above the age of 18 and younger than 45 in good physical shape to go fight in WW1. Many British Canadians saw no problem and enlisted while the French Canadians refused and were not as eager considering they have no ties to Britain so why would they help them. -
Feminist Rights
1917 = obtain the right to vote Federally
1940 = QC grants women the right to vote (Liberally)
1964 = women could perform legal acts without their husband's consent
1996 = pay equity
1997 = daycares (publically funded) -
Maurice Duplessis
Premier of Quebec who was a liberalist and a nationalist. He highly supported catholicism, agriculture and Quebec independence from Canada. Diminished Quebec economy because he promoted traditional French values. -
Conscription WW2
Second World War comes around and Great Britain needs more men from Canada to help them fight. Same rules and regulations as WW1 and there are still people who refuse and dont want to go -
Nationalization of Electricity
Jean Lesage who is Premier of Quebec decides its in Quebec's best interest to nationalize electricity. The Government of Quebec then takes over many private electrical companies and merged them together naming it Hydro-Quebec. -
October Crisis
The FLQ where a radical and extreme group that wanted an independent Quebec but they used means of violence to try to get their point across Quebec by bombing mailboxes and kidnapping James Cross a British diplomat and killing Pierre Laporte a French journalist. Prime Minister Trudeau then used the war measures act to call out the army and arrest hundreds of FLQ members to try to stop the terrorist group. -
Bill 101
René Levesque enacts the Charter of the French Langauge (Bill 101)
- Forcing and making it compulsory for the children of immigrants to attend French public school instead of English public school to try to preserve the French language
- this forced large companies to adopt French and imposed French on public signs -
Referendum (#1)
The first referendum was about sovereignty-association meaning that it was about Quebec becoming independent from Britain but still having some ties to Canada (Quebec would still keep the economic benefits of being apart of Canada but would be a politically independent nation) Many Quebecois saw themselves independent of Canada and not Canadian. It was René Lesvesque and his PQ that inspired this idea.
Federalist = Quebec stays
Separatist = Quebec leaves
- the federalist won with about 60% -
Meech Lake Accord
Brian Mulroney decided to propose a deal to satisfy Quebec's need and all the other provinces but in 1987 it is denied by both Newfoundland and Manitoba and it didnt end up becoming an official accord. -
Referendum (#2)
The Second referendum was for complete independence (sovereignty) because English Canada refused to give QC special status and the PQ returned to power with new leader Jacques Parizeau and wanted complete independence from Canada. This referendum the vote was really close but the Federalist were able to win with 50.6% of the vote
