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Dec 20, 1500
First occupants
The Iroquois and the Algonquians had different ways of running their society. The Algonquians ran their society based on Patriarchy meaning that the father played a vital leadership role. The Iroquois ran their society based on Matriarchy meaning that leadership and decision making was the role of the women. -
Period: Dec 20, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing thoughts
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The allies within the fur trade
The French allied with the Hurons in order to protect their interests in the fur trade. The French and Hurons fought against the Iroquois over control of the fur trade territory, the Iroquois lost. They fought till 173. The English allied with the Iroquois to fight against the French, during this fight the Hurons nation almost got wiped out. The Hurons were eventually destroyed by the Iroquois which meant the French had to find new ways to get their fur. -
Native allies involved in the fur trade part 2
The native allies of the French got destroyed by the Iroquois. Because of this, the French were forced to go out and collect furs deeper into the forest. The coureurs de bois were formed. They were French settlers who traveled deep into the woods to reach where the natives lived. They traded for fur with the Amerindians and then brought the fur back to the french settlers. They lived with the natives for most of the year. -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony. Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. This is a relation becasue the king is in the mother country and not the colony. -
From church to state part 2
After, the king decided to place New France under the ruling of the minister or the marine who, at the time, was Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He and the king decided to put in place the royal government 1663 -
The church to state
Church is implicated in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council. Clergy was everywhere: Priests in charge of cure. Priests working as missionaries. Nuns working in hospitals. The King assumes power based on the principal of Divine Right of kings. Under the old system, the companies who held a monopoly ran Nf and they were destroying NF. The king ended monopoly and placed NF under the Minister of Marine(jean-Baptiste Colbert). He and Louis made Royal Government in 1663. -
Royal Government
The King and the Minister of Marine would remain in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France directly. The council was made up of: Governor-highest rank, commander of army, defense, dealt with external affairs. Intendant-most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, set up industries. Bishop - appointed by the Pope, administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities.Captain of Militia-dealt had power, but not on council. -
Great Peace Treaty of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. This provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Present for signing; part of the Iroquois confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquian peoples. This has sometimes been called the "Grand Settlement of 1701". -
Life in New France
-Settlers(habitants) had happy lives but it was work. There was work to be done every day; Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Because New France was not really developing settlers became self-dependent (took care of themselves). Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people. -
Life in New France part 2
In New France, the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien (13 colonies are becoming Americans). It's therefore, no surprise that these distinct people would remain here after the British Conquest. People living in New France: Nobility/Elite (Governor), Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs), Peasants/Habitant (censitaries ). Why'd this happen? Distance from King: exercised less control. Contact with the aboriginals; gain a sense of freedom. -
French battle
Although the French had won a small battle at Sainte-Foy in the spring major conflict ended in N.F. with the fall of Quebec, the French troops waited out the winter in Montreal, and then in September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. The document was called the articles of capitulation -
Articles of capitualtion
written in this article were terms given by the French in which they would surrender;
The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Articles of capitulation part 2
No mass deportation occurred(only the Elite left because they could afford to do so) the fate of the colony was still undecided and so the colony waited under British Military Rule of James Murray, until the war in Europe would end. 1763 Treaty of Paris was signed ending the 7rys war. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands called St.Pierre and Miquelon. -
Start of the Royal proclamation
Now that the King was sure the colony was under his control he needed to do something about this mass number of new subjects who were French speaking. A constitution was put in place to control these French-British subjects and try and change them to be more British. It was called the royal proclamation of 1763. -
Royal Proclamation
What did it do: It gives the King’s new colony a name, Quebec. It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. The rest is known as Indian Territory. It put in place a civilian Government. In the Colony, the King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied. Unused land would be divided by the Township System. No new Bishop would be allowed. No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act). -
Royal Proclamation part 2
The Royal Proc. Had a goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec. It did this by bringing them all together, to watch over them, and took many of their rights away so it forced them to become more English. No new French speaking people were coming in but many English were. Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite who had left.
The first Governor of this new colony was James Murray. His job of assimilation would not be easy. -
"No one was happy in the province of Quebec"
The 13 colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley however it was denied to them. British merchants who had come to Quebec were unhappy because they wanted to have power through an elected assembly similar to those in the 13 colonies, and they expected the colony to favor English interests. The Canadians were fearful of the Proclamation because of the changes it brought. They too didn’t like the new boundary. They were scared of a possible elected. -
James Murrys difficulties as first Governor
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules. He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand). He allowed French laws in the lower courts. He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English merchants. -
Guy Carlton
The English Merchants were strongly opposed to the Governor’s policies and they demanded a new Governor from the King. The King chose Guy Carleton as the new governor. Carleton would keep the same tolerant policies of Murray. Although Carleton had a special reason to be tolerant towards the French in Quebec. He wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence. -
Quebec Act 1774
Guarantees French Canadian loyalty. Enlarges the area of Quebec. Denied an elected assembly. Appointed council (min.17 members). French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back. Test Act Oath: it testOath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office).
ALL THESE FACTORS MADE THE AMERICANS VERY UPSET! -
The Americans actions
Because the Quebec act made the Americans upset, the following things were going on: Up until 1763 the Americans needed British protection from the French. They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley. Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies. (did not give enough in war). Some Americans had also been trading with the French, therefore. Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and inc. taxes. -
Effects of the Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes)
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal)
The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1% →10%). They settled according to the Township system. They gave their settlements English names. The Loyalists were used to English civil laws. They were used to having elected assemblies. They started writing petitions to London for change. After years of complaining, they finally got their wish. -
Constitutional act of 1791
The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (entirely English 20,000ppl) and Lower Canada (almost entirely French - 160 000ppl). The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them. In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin. In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system. This new constitution brought a change in Government:
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT… -
Representative government (constitutional act 1791)
King. British Parliament. In the Canadas, Governor-appointed by parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, called assemblies into session. Held veto power. (in both Canadas...) Lieutenant Governor-Acted as deputy governor. Executive Council-appointed by Governor, advised Governor. Legislative Council-appointed, approve or reject laws form the assembly. Legislative Assembly- elected every 4yrs, power to approve or disapprove taxes, right to create laws. All people-had a say. -
Power relations between the media and the state
In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda). In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties. The media is for many the 4th power. -
92 resolutions part 2
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions (solutions which didn’t solve any of the Patriotes main demands, in fact, it gave more power to councils). This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead, by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down. Lower Canada’s Rebellion was lead, by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles, St-Charles, St-Denis (French win), St-Eustache the rebellion was put down. -
92 resolutions
The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands) their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from the elected assembly) and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. This document was sent to the British Government to be looked at… -
Growing Discontent in Lower Canada
The Constitutional act had established representative government but those who could be elected held no real power, tensions grew!
By the 1830’s two distinct groups have formed => British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works. Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes. Issues: The two groups were so different no negotiations could occur. Patriotes began speaking of a violent uprising as a solution…a rebellion. -
Lord Durham’s Recommendations
Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French. The two Canada’s should be united (english now have majority). Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
1840 Act of Union (the 4th constitution)
Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada). Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly. Governor still had control and veto power. Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Cdn West owed 10X). -
The structure of Responsible Government
The people would now elect the Leg. Assembly(Parliament). The Prime minister(head of the party with the most votes) would. Form the Cabinet (Executive Council) who would propose laws that had to be approved through the assembly. The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so (rich english merchants). -
responsible government
In a responsible government, the governor does not use his veto power. Yet this government was flawed. Conflict occurred very quickly. Responsible Government was adopted slowly. 1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly. 1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister(majority holder) to have executive powers. -
politics in the 1860’s
The political system had become responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government. The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss certain things. -
The Charlottetown Conference
Things discussed: Sept. 1864-Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
The Quebec Conference
Things discussed: Oct. 1864-Same members of last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible…
A federal system
24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)
Assembly elected by “rep by pop”
Build a railway between colonies
The conferences went well but the people weren’t so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards. Nfld, and PEI withdrew. Dorion’s Parti Rouge opposed the federation. The assembly of the Canada’s passed confederation (narrowly) -
The London Conference
things discussed: Eng.1867-Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony. The dominion of Canada, With its capital of Ottawa, was created under the British North America Act. Passed on March 29, came into existence in Canada on July 1st 1867.Containing 4 Prov. (ONT, QC, NB, NS). The other Prov’s would join between 1870 and 1949. Being a Federal Gov’t the Federal Gov’t had certain responsibilities as did the Prov’s. -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state & Power relations between nationalist movements and the state
Ww1: Ran out of soldiers conscription thrown at country, French in Québec didn’t think it was their war therefore they didn’t want to go.
Ww2: Canada entered on their own, they were considered a real country and they thought it was their duty to go, a lot of people died so the government need to do conscription again.
Since 1867: Dominance of English in business and politics and protection of the English minority in Quebec in the constitution. -
Power relations between union movements and the state
First strikes and partial legalization of unions (1872), implantation of American unions (1880). Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour (from 1886 to 1889). Union demands regarding health and safety and laws (C.S.S.T.), for the protection of children (laws on public education, on the minimum working age of children), union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders (unemployment law, welfare, minimum wage in 1945, old-age pensions and pay equity.). -
Power relations between union movements and the state part 2
Anti-Labour Laws: Padlock Law (1937), right to strike, use of police against the strikers. 1944: Adoption of the Labour Relations Act, 1964 Labour Code recognizes the right to strike to all workers. 1972: Strike of united front. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes. 1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain). 1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women. 1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women); 1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
Power relations between movements for social justice and the state
Early 20th century, associated with communism, union movements and feminism. 1930: the depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations. Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen (Commission des normes du travail, Régie du Logement, etc.). -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution, also known as La Révolution Tranquille, began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s. -
Main features of the Quiet Revolution
To make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state in both of these sectors (Hydro-Quebec became gov’t owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro). To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada. (Parent Committee, free public school till 16, MEQ created). To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws, and regulations in favor of companies and banks. The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees. -
Quebec Nationalism Continued…
The October Crisis had been put down but not all the moves towards French independence were violent.
1961-Office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French language.Official language act, Bill 22 (French Official language), Bill 101 – French lang is the priority. Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools. -
Quebec Nationalism Continued… part 2
English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86
This battle continues and today the struggle of Quebec remaining in Canada continues, the parties involved are either
Federalists-want Quebec to stay
Separatists-want Quebec to be independent -
Power relations between environmentalist groups and the state
Since 1970, pressure from environmental groups (measures and laws to protect the environment) and their impact on the population via the media influences public policy. 1970: Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec. 2002: ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada. Environmental movements present in Quebec: Greenpeace, the Green Party, l’Action Boréale, etc. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
