-
1500
First Occupants Lifestyle
The first occupants had no real organization of power but, they did have different societal organizations. The Iroquois used a Matriarchical system which meant that the mothers and women would dictate decisions and leadership. The Algonquins however, used a Patriarchial system which meant that the men and fathers made the decisons and conducted leadership. -
Period: 1500 to
Official power and countervailing powers
-
The Royal Gouvernment
Originally, New France had the company of 100 associates controlling, populating and developing the colony, however, they were doing a very poor job. The king of France then decided to create a new form of government called the Royal Government. He created roles such as minister of marines, governor, and intendant. He placed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his minister of marines, who would keep him updated on the status of the colonies. -
The Sovereign Council
A group of three people who operated inside the royal government system who operated by word of the king. The highest power in this group was the governor who dealt with military and external conflict. The second was the intendant who was in charge of the general organization of the colony (Economy and properties). The final position with the least veto power was the bishop. He was incharge of hospitals and eduction -
Great peace of Montreal
Signed in 1701, it was a peace treaty between New France and 40 other native nations. It was signed by Louis-Hectare de Calliere(The governor at the time) and 1300 representatives (+The 40 native nations). After it's signing, there was peace and trade for 16 years until a war began. -
Coureurs du Bois
Once the British and Iroquois won the war against the French, The French were dispersed across the territory, some heading deep into the forests in order to hunt for furs. Once in these forests, they would live and trade with amerindiens. -
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
There was war in New France against the British. The European French came to assist them in this war, but lacked the numbers that the British produced which meant that the french regime was brought to an end. -
Life in New France
They led happy lives but were forced to do hard work like Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools and preparing for winter. There were very rich people living there but, there were also many poor people living there. Due to New France not developping, settlers were forced to become self dependant. -
Articles of Capitulation
This document is the official surrender of the French from New France of the conquest war. The document specified certain rules such as making all the French people who didn't leave British subjects, ensuring people could keep their religious practices and forcing the French to lay down their weapons and go back to France. -
Treaty of Paris
The treaty was signed in order to end the 7 year war, which had been running rampant in Europe for awhile.It declared that all the territory that belonged to New France now belonged to Great Britain however, New France was allowed to keep 2 islands which would be used for fishing. The King of Great Britain now wanted to assimilate the French population by creating a new proclamation. -
Royal Proclamination
At the end of the 7-year war, this proclamation renamed New France into the province of Quebec. It decreases the borders to St Lawrence valley, Put in place a civilian government to control the colony and put into place English criminal and civil laws. -
James Murray
James Murray was the first governor appointed in the province of Quebec. He was indeed British but could see that the royal proclamation would not work as the French made up 99% of the colony's population. The people disliked Murray and his ideals, so they requested the king to get rid of Murray. He was then removed from his position of power, and sent back to Europe. -
Guy Carleton
He was the man who replaced Murray as the governor placed in position by the king. Much like James Murray, he also wanted to treat the French with much respect and go against the proclamation because he feared the American and French allying to attack the British colony. -
Quebec Act
The government was afraid that the french were going to rebel, so they made a new constitution that was nicer to the french. The english were not happy with this constitution. French civil laws were now put in place, as well as the recognition of the catholic faith and there was no longer an oath of allegiance. -
Constitutional Act
The Constitutional act was put in place to make the loyalists and the French happy. The land was divided into Upper Canada (mostly English) and Lower Canada (mostly French). They each had their own legislative assemblies. Lower Canada could be Catholic and have civil laws and Upper Canada could be protestant and have their english laws. -
92 Resolutions
The Parti Patriote created the 92 resolutions because they wanted Canada to have a more democratic system to function upon. They asked for the abolition of the power of veto, for the legislative council to have an election, the control of the budget by the legislative council and more. -
Lord Durham
Lord Durham was given the task of fixing the mess caused by the war. He gave numerous recommendations such as increasing immigration, uniting the two Canadas and Responsible Government should be given the power to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union
This constitution united Upper and Lower Canada. There was one government that controlled the whole colony. 42 elected member would represent Lower Canada and 42 elected members would represent Upper Canada. It was overall made to ensure that rebellion did not occur again. -
Charlottetown Conference
It was a conference in which, the leaders of Canada West, Canada East, Prince Edward island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia considered merging together. This was only the beginning. -
Quebec Conference
Roughly 1 month after the Charlestown conference, the same leaders were in attendance. They agreed on 72 resolutions which would allow them to merge. It would be a federal system with 24 seats to each colony. They planned the building of a railway to connect them all. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland didnt agree. -
British North America Act
This act caused Canada to become a federation. The four provinces to start it where Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Powers were separated between the federal and provincial governments. Canada had a prime minister and Quebec had a premier. -
London Conference
This was the conference where they created the Dominion of Canada. They created the Brtish North American Act which named Ottawa the capital of Canada. They declared the first four provinces which were Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. -
Maurice Duplessis
His ideas were based on liberalism and French Canadian nationalism. He heavily favorited catholicism and agriculture. His government liked the non-interventionism of the state and in turn, quite hands off. He made numerous laws about unions and rioting. Over the years people started to dislike him because he was selling Quebec's provincial natural resources for cheap. He was also involved in a scandalous act in which he swapped orphaned children for insane assilem inmates for money. -
Padlock Act
This act was put in place to protect the province from communist propaganda. Duplessis did not like unions because he thought that they spread and helped promote these communistic ideas and policies. -
October crisis
The FLQ was a group of Quebec nationalists who believed that the only way to effectively get things done, were through violent tendencies. They launched many terrorist attacks to try and lead to Québec sovereignty. The War Measures Act was implemented by Robert Bourassa and Pierre Trudeau to solve the crisis. -
Meech Lake Accord
An agreement signed between the federal and provincial governments whose goal was to amend the Constitution by strengthening provincial powers and declaring Quebec a “distinct society”. The agreement was an attempt to make Give Quebec more privallege. The accord did not get passed.
