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1500
First Occupants
Iroquois : Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
Algonkians: Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role. -
The coureurs des bois
They are French settlers who hunt deep into the forest. They lived with the natives most of the year and traded with the Amerindians. The voyageurs brought the furs to the trading posts. -
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrators
Strategic military alliances to protect their fur trade.French are the primary group to trade with the French.Battled against the Iroquois they wanted control of the fur trade territory LOST. French fought against Iroquois take over until about 1703 . English allies with the British and fought against the French for control over the fur trade. Competition when the British replaced the Dutch in Albany.The native allies of the French have been ruined by the Iroquios, the French were forced leave. -
Collaboration between state & Catholic Church
Church was automatically involved in political decisions because of its role in the sovereign council.Priests acted as missionaries and were in charge of the parishes. Nuns worked in hospitals and some education.In effect, the church had a monopoly on religious matters, expected to be a Catholic and practice was obligated.
Church encouraged population to listen to the governor and intendant, in exchange Church was allowed the tithe and had insurance that religious matter was respected. -
Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was to work.
There was work to be done everyday; caring for crops, make clothes, fix tools & prepare for winter.
Settlers learned to take care of themselves since New France wasn’t developing. Became autonomous & known as the Canadians.
In France, there was a gap between the rich & massive amounts of poor/starving.After conquest, lots of people remained in BNA
3 levels of civilians :Nobility/elite, Middle class/bourgeoisie, Seigneurs , Peasants/Habitants/artisans -
Peace treaty (Great Peace of Montreal).
It was a peace treaty between New France as well as 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. The French allied with the Hurons and Algonquians, which gave 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Present for the diplomatic event were the various peoples; the Iroquois confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquian peoples. -
7 Years War & the Articles of Capitulation 1760
7 years war in Europe broke out in the colonies as well.
France focuses its efforts in Europe so New France is left to defend itself.
French were caught off guard as the British found a passage to the main land on the Plains of Abraham in New France.
The French surrendered.
A document was signed called the Article of Capitulation (1760). -
Article of Capitulation
The French Militia could return home to France, no one would lose their property.
The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
The French people who stayed would become British Subjects.
Only the French Elite left because they could afford to do so.
New France was under the British Military rule until war was over in Europe and they saw who was officially the winner. -
Royal Proclamation 1763
The king needed something to control the French population: Royal Proclamation.
Goal: Assimilate the French
Renames the colony the province of Quebec.
Decreases the borders to around St. Lawrence Valley.
Civilian government, king appointed a governor who appointed members to the executive council.
English criminal & civil law were applied.
No new bishop would be allowed.
No Roman Catholics could hold office (Test Act). -
Effects of the Loyalists
British Loyalists left and went to Canada and Quebec.
36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes).
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal).
The English population of Quebec :
Had a sudden increase (1% -10%)
Settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names.
They had to follow the Quebec act.
The loyalists were unhappy.
Started writing petitions to London for change
The Constitutional Act 1791 was established -
Quebec Act 1774
Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty.
New bishop allowed.
Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again.
Still denied an elected assembly ➜ 1% of population in Quebec is English.
Did allow for an appointed council.
French civil laws were re-instated.
Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance (Loyal to King = Hold Office) -
Rebellions 1837-1838
-Upper Canada’s Rebellion was ran by William Lyon Mackenzie
-It was put down fast.
-Lower Canada’s Rebellion was ran by Louis Joseph Papineau
It was put down after multiple battles such as St-Charles, St-Denis, and St-Eustache
-The Patriotes were supported by the clergy
-They didn't have much support outside Montreal, which is why they were let down (They were poorly organized)
Results:
-12 Patriotes were hung outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
-58 were exiled to Australia -
Act of Union
1.Created the Province of Canada (Canada East and West -- upper and lower Canada), they both had 42 members in their assembly.
2. Governors still had control as well as veto power.
3. They equally payed for Canada’s debts.
-There was conflict
-Responsible Government was adopted
-1842: The Prime Minister selected members of the executive council
-1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers and allowed the Prime minister to have executive powers -
The Charlottetown Conference
-September 1864: the leaders of Canada East and Canada West met with the leaders of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
-The purpose of the meeting was to agree on creating a merger
-Their wish came true as all parties left the meeting agreeing to consider a merger.
-All groups came to an agreement and thought it was a great idea and wanted to test it out.
-If it wouldn't work, they would reconsider and either find a different solution or go back to how it was. -
The Quebec Conference
Oct. 1864 : Same members of last time (+ Nfld.), agreed on 72 resolutions to make the merger possible.
A federal system
24 seats to each colony (total 72)
Assembly elected by “rep by pop”
Build a railway between colonies
The conferences went well but people weren’t so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards.
Newfoundland, & Prince edward island withdrew
Dorion’s Parti Rouge opposed the federation
the assembly of the Canada’s passed confederation (narrowly) -
Influence (power) of Church (Roman Catholic in QC)
After 1837, bishops became more & more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
Controlling education (Laval University 1852)
Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
R.C. Church attendance was very high
Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists)
Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
Protestant Universities: McGill (1821) , Bishops (1843) -
The London Conference 1867
1867: they met in the U.K
It was created under the British North American Act (march 29, 1867).
The other provinces would join between 1870 and 1949.
The British Empire agreed to let the merge become a self governing, independent colony = DOMINION OF CANADA (ONT, QC, NB, NS). -
Power relations between union movements and the state
Strikes to implement unions against the state.
Union demands regarding health and safety and laws protecting children: public education, minimum wage, health care.
Unions protecting women and elders (old age pensions, salaries…)
Labour code recognizes the right for all workers to be able to strike. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
Women fighting for their rights against the state.
Against women suffrage
Allowing women to be part of the legislative Assembly.
Allowing married women to have equal rights.
Maternity leave.
Legalizing abortion.
Equality of men and women. -
Maurice Duplessis
He was conservative.He believed provincial government should deal with social or economic problems on their own.He believed that rural life was still important to encourage family, agriculture and religion.He wanted to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment. He adopted fleur-de-lis flag in 1948. He introduced provincial income tax. He refused money from the federal government for Quebec universities because education is a provincial jurisdiction. -
Intellectuals + journalists
Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. -
The Quiet Revolution
-The Quiet Revolution started in Quebec in 1960.
-It began with the electoral defeat of the Union National by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party.
-It was a fast and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from early to the late 1960s.
-There was a huge increase in government intervention.
-They modernized Quebec's educational system.
-They weakened the influence of the Church.
-Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro. -
Power Relations between financial circles and the state
Businessmen involved in politics therefor access to grants, laws, in favor of their companies.
Businessmen fund political parties which causes scandals.
1960: liberal government controls certain sections of the economy and recognizes the rights of the employes. -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state
-Since 1867: Dominance of English.
-The English were a minority in Quebec in the constitution.
-1970s: Disagreement between immigrants & French-speaking Quebecers about the place of French in education.
1974: Bill 22 proclaimed French the only official language in Quebec.
1977: law 101 gives the French language priority. Only french signs allowed. Only children with english parents can go to english school
-Quebecers were upset because there weren't as many job opportunities. -
Native Issues: The Oka Crisis
Oka Crisis: North east of Montreal. when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land reserves. In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established roadblocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka Crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict without going to war.
