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Nov 24, 1500
First Occupants - Iroquois
Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. -
Nov 24, 1500
First Occupants - Algonquiens
Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role -
Period: Nov 24, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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Period: to
French Regime
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Alliences with the Natives
French allied with Hurons. Primary group to trade with French & fought against Iroquois over control of the fur trade territory.
English were allied with the Iroquois. Allies with the British and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade. Almost wiped out the Hurons. -
Clergy
The Clergy was everywhere
- Priests in charge of parishes (cure)
- Priests working as missionaires
- Nuns working in hospitals -
Life in NF
Settlers had happy lives, but it was work. (Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter)
Settlers were self-dependent and autonomous.
Hierarchy:
- Nobility/Elite
- Middle Class/Bourgeoisie
- Peasants/Habitant -
Royal Government
The companies under the old systen who held a monopoly were destroying N.F. King ended monopoly and placed N.F under Minister or Marine (Jean-Baptiste Colbert) who implemented the Royal Government.
Governor - hightest rank, commander of army, defernse, external affairs. Intendant, controlled budget, taxes, justice. Bishop - very powerful (appointed by the Pope) -
Peace Treaty
AKA Great Peace of Montreal.
Between New France and 40 first Nations of North America.
Signed by the French (Alphabet) and the natives (Scribbles and drawings)
Resulted in 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. -
Articles of Capitulation
French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
The people could practice the R.C religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
*No mass deportation occured (only the Elite left because they could afford to do so) -
Period: to
British Regime
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Treaty of Paris
(7 years war ends)
All the territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands (St-Pierre + Miquelon) -
Royal Proclamation
It gives the King's new colony a name; The Province of Quebec.
It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. (The rest would be known as Indian Territory)
Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive council to advise him.
4. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
5. Unused land would be divided by the Township system.
6. No new Bishop
7. Test act -
James Murray
Found that the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population was English/protestant. To make the rest of the french/catholics content, he bent the rules:
- He allowed a new Bishop
- He allowed French laws in the lower courts English Merchants were strongly opposed to the Governor's policies and demanded a new Governor from the king. They got Guy Carleton.
- He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. -
Quebec Act
Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
Enlarges the area of Quebec
Denied and elected assembly
Appointed council
French civil laws instated, tithe and seignorial system are back
Test Act Oath/Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you're loyal, and could hold office) These factors made Americans upset!! -
American War of Independence
American's win and take control of the valley of Ohio. The loyalists occupying this land have to leave; most go to the province of Quebec or the Maritimes. -
Unhappy in the Province de Quebec
13 colonies were mad because they fought for the Ohio valley but now Britan wont give it to them.
British merchants who came to QC were unhappy because they wanted to have power though an elected assembly, and expected the colony to favor English interests
The Canadians were fearful of the Proclamation because of the changed it brought. They too didn't like the new boundary.
They were scared of a possible elected assembly.
Uneasy about lack of guarantees to their religion. -
Guy Carleton
The king sent over Guy Carleton to replace James Murray. However, he kept the same tolerant policies of Murray.
Carleton had a special reason to be tolerant towards the french in Quebec...He wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence. -
Representative Government (Constitutional Act)
Governor (Veto Power) chosen by parliment in Britain.
Lieutenant Governor - Second in command, deputy governor.
Executive council - Group of people to help the governor. Probably english speaking men appointed by governor.
Legislative council: Appointed by governor. Approve or reject laws from his assembly.
Legislative Assembly - People elected every 4 years, it had the power to approve/disapprove taxes, they had the right to create laws.
Ordinary people - Had a say of government. -
Patriotes Rebellions
92 resolutions are written by the Patriotes. One of the demands being responsible government.
Lord John Russell resonded with the 10 resolutions denying all demands and requests made by the patriotes. -
Effects of the loyalists
English population of Quebec had a sudden increase
They settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names
The loyalists were used to English civil laws
they were used to having elected assemblies
They started writing petitions to London for change. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
The two Canada's should be united
Responsible government should be granted to eliminate veto power -
Act of Union
Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West
Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
Governor still had control and veto power
Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada's debts -
Responsible Government
British parliament appoints the governor.
The governor appoints the legislative council.
The people now elect the legislative assembly.
The prime minister (head of the party with the most votes would form the executive council who would propose laws that had to be apprived throught the assembly.
Governor and legisltive council were appointed but did not intervene. -
Charlottetown Conference
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB, NS, PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
Quebec Conference
Same members of last time (+ Newfoundland). They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible.
A federal system
24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)
Assembly elected by "rep by pop"
Build a railway between colonies
The conferences went well but the people weren't so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards.
Nefoundland & PEI withdrew
Dorion's Parti Rouge opposed the federation
The assembly of the Canada's passed confederation (narrowly) -
The London Conference
Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangements to release from the British Empire to become a new "self-governing" colony. THE DOMINION OF CANADA!! With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. Passed on March 29 came into existence in Canada on July 1st 1867. Containing 4 provinces (ONT, QC, NS, NB)
The other prov's would join between 1870 and 1949.
The federal government and the provincial gov't had certain responsibilities.
These are listed in Sections 91-92 -
Federal vs Provincial Powers
Federal: Defense, banking and money, postal service, criminal law.
Provincial: Education, municipal institutions, hospitals and property and civil rights.
Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments. The federal government could also disallow any provincial law if it was not in Canada's interest. -
Feminist movements
(SUFFRAGETTES)
Giving women more rights; maternity leave, descriminalization of abortion, equality or men and women and pay equality. -
Maurice Duplesis
Big supporter of the catholic church, wanted it to control all. Promoter of large families, rural life, christian and traditional values and AGAINT UNIONS, URBANIZATION (associated problems such as unemployment) and EDUCATION. He believed in non intervening state. -
Groups against traditional and conservative nature of QC
Union leaders: Acussed Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of QC workers. Throughout this period there were numerous strikes in QC. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers.
Intellectuals and Journalists: Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of QC society in newspapers. -
Quiet Revolution
Electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his liberal party. Rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in QC. Hydro-quebec, trans-canada expanded, Montreal Metro. To modernize Quebec's education system, Sepearation of church and state. Away from rural or hard labour, more intellectuals. -
Relations between financial circles and state
Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulation in favour of companies and banks. The practice of funding of politial parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. -
Separation Movement
René Lévesque quits the liberal party to form the Movement Souverainte and later the Parti Quebecois which pushed for the separation movement.
The October Crisis: FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre laporte. Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of FLQ members are arrested. Laportes body found in the trunk of his car, Cross is released.
Office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French language, Bill 22 makes French the official language..etc -
James Bay and Northern QC Agreement
Hydroelectricity dam grants more political powers to the cree and inuit; the repartriation of the Constitution (1982) formally recognizes certain aboriginal rights without ending their claims, The Peace of the Brave (2002) recognizes their rights on their territory in exchange for financial compensation for the exploitation of natural resources.
