Official and countervailing power

Official and Countervailing Power

Period: Nov 25, 1500 to Nov 25, 2014

Iroquois

Nov 26, 1500

Matriarch society
Women in charge
Patriarch society
Men in charge

Power relationships with Natives

Dec 18, 1610

French ally with Huron
English ally with Iroquois
Fight for fur trade control. English win.
Huron almost entirely wiped out.

The Church

Dec 18, 1650

The Clergy was everywhere
Priests in charge of parishes
Priests working as missionaries
Nuns working in hospitals

Royal Gouvernment

Dec 18, 1680

King: Has absolute power
Minister of Marines: In charges of all colonies and informes the king about them.
Governer: In charge of the colony
Intendant: In charge of finances
Sauvern council
Bishop: Controls hospitals, Schools and charities.
Captain of Militia: Deals with seignery problems (chief of police)
People

Great Peace of Montreal

Dec 18, 1701

Signed by france and 40 North American native groups.
Led to 16 years of peace.
Also known as grand settlement of 1701

Articles of Capitulation

Dec 18, 1760

1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects.

Treaty of Paris

Dec 18, 1763

All of new france is given to England
Exeption Saint pierre et Micholon

Royal Proclamation

Dec 18, 1763

1- It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2- It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
(The rest would be known as Indian Territory)
3- Put in place a civilian Government to run the new

Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him.
4- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
5- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6-No new Bishop would be allowed

James Murray

Dec 18, 1765

He realised it was impossible to assimalate the french population so he decided to be nice and give them back their old laws making every one unhappy.

Act of Quebec

Dec 18, 1774

-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council (min.17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back
-Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office)
Makes Americans very mad.

The United States

Dec 18, 1780

-Up until 1763 the Americans needed British protection from the French.
-They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley
-Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies. (did not give enough in war)
-Some Americans had also been trading with the French
Britain place strict control on trade and inc. taxes.
Starts the American civil war

Loyalists

Dec 18, 1780

6000 loyalists enter Quebec
The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1% 10%)
They settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names.
The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change.
After years of complaining they finally got their wish

Consttutional Act

Dec 18, 1791

Quebec divided into two
Lower Canada-was almost entirely French (160 000ppl)
Upper Canada-was entirely English (20,000ppl)
The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them.
In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin.
In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English
Civil laws.

Representative Government

Dec 18, 1800

King
British Parliament
In the Canadas…
Governor-appointed by parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, called assemblies into session. Held veto power which meant he could turn down laws. (the Canada’s each had…)
Lieutenant Governor-Acted as deputy governor
Executive Council-appointed by Governor, advised Governor,
Legislative Council-appointed, approve or reject laws form the assembly
Legislative Assembly-people elected every 4yrs, It had the power to approve or disapprove

Representative Government Part 2

Dec 18, 1800

Ordinary people-had a say of government for the first time (not everyone…only land owning men over 21)
-This was the first time people were able to vote and be represented in Canada, representative government was a big step forward.
-Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his Council had veto power.
-The two sides had different interests:
-The wealthy governors & council members thought about investing mone

Representative Gouvernment Part 3

Dec 18, 1800

-The legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property and didn’t want to invest in such large projects that wouldn’t benefit them
-This was made worse in Lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language.

The Rebellions

Dec 18, 1837

Lower Canada tensions grew
Two parties created
British Party: Controlled the councils, spent money on public works.
Parti Canadian: Controlled the assembly, power over taxes
The groups were so different they could not negotiate.
92 resolution were created and sent to england.
10 resolutions return fiwed nothing
Insulted canada broke out into rebellion.Failed

Act of Union

Dec 18, 1840

1. Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada).
2. Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
3. Governor still had control and veto power
4. Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts

Quebec confrence

Dec 18, 1864

File out the details for the new country.

Charletown Confrence

Dec 18, 1864

Provences discuss idea of creating a country.

London Conference

Dec 18, 1867

London gives the OK to make canada a country.

Duplessis

Dec 18, 1950

Church would run schools and hospitals.
The state did not interfeer with life.
Believed in life on the farms.
He was a quebec Nationalist

The quiet revolution

Dec 18, 1960

Main features:
For quebec to modernize
To make the gouvernment the major power
To weaken church influence

Church Today

Dec 18, 1960

After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
-Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
-Controlling education (Laval University 1852)
-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
-R.C. Church attendance was very high
-Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists etc…) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bis

Power relations between financial circles and the state

Dec 18, 1970

• Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks
• The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage.
• From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees
Concepts: POWER, interest, influence, state, society, rights.

Unions and State

Dec 18, 1975

First strikes and partial legalization of unions (1872), implantation of American unions (1880). Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour (from 1886 to 1889). Union demands regarding health and safety and laws (C.S.S.T.), for the protection of children (laws on public education, on the minimum working age of children), union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders (unemployment law, welfare, minimum wage in 1945, old-age pensions and pay equity.).

Feminism

Dec 18, 1980

• Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes.
• 1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
• 1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
• 1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women); 1996: law on pay equity is adopted.

Media and the state

Dec 18, 1985

• In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda).
• In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties.

Oka Crisis

Dec 18, 1990

Oka natives did not allow a golf course to expand.
They militarised and the canadian army was called in.
The crisis lasted 78 days.
The charletown accord was created to prevent this.

Quebec Nationalist/linguistic Laws

Dec 18, 1995

Bill 101 – French lang is the priority
Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools (since changed to Educated in Canada)
Rene Levesque felt so strongly about the issue that he held a referendum in 1980, about 60% voted against the issue of separation.