-
Haitian Revolution
Slaves initiated the rebellion in 1791 and by 1803 they had succeeded in ending not just slavery but French control over the colony. Led by former slave Toussaint l’Overture, the enslaved would act first, rebelling against planters on August 21, 1791. He abolished slavery in the Spanish-speaking colony and declared himself Governor-General for life over the entire island of Hispaniola. -
Romanticism
Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual. Romanticism deepened the appreciation of nature itself rather than materialistic items. -
Mexican War of Independence
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of, Cry of Dolores. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, he fled north but was captured and executed. Ironically, it was the Royalists who ultimately brought independence. On August 24, 1821, Viceroy Juan de O’Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. -
Latin American Wars of Independence (North, Simon Bolivar)
Simon Bolivar was a Venezuelan soldier who led the revolutions against the Spanish Rule. The Latin American Independence began when Bolivar returned. While Brazil emerged as an independent monarchy by the 1820's, the Spanish empires in the Americas had fragmented into a number of independent republics. However, politics and economics were no conductive to the emergence of the United policy in the Spanish America was envisioned by Simon Bolivar. -
Latin American Wars of Independence (South, San Martin)
The territory of modern Argentina was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In the political structure most authoritative positions were filled by people designated by the Spanish monarchy, most of them Spanish people from Europe. The, (more spspecifically) Argentinian War fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. -
Brazlian Independence
In 1789, people of Minas Gerais revolted the imposition of new taxes. The connection between Portugal & Brazil as severed when Napoleon I and his armies invaded Portugal & Spain in 1807 & 1808. John VI's son Pedro became the first emperor of Brazil. Pedro soon lost much support of the people. On September 7, 1822, after receiving orders from the Portuguese Cortes curtailing his authority in Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil’s independence. -
Greek Revolution
By 1814, some form of independence was common among Greeks of all classes. Revolt began on March 1821, against the Turkish rule. Internal rivalries prevented Germany from extending their control. The Greek cause was saved by the intervention of European powers. By mid-1382, northern frontier had been set along the line extending from Volos to Àrta, and Turkish sultan had recognized Greek independence. -
Italian Unification
For most of the Medieval and early modern periods, the territory that makes up modern Italy was a fragmented region. The pope carved out states around Rome as his own personal kingdom (north/southern Italy included). Conflict didn't take long, and Austria surrendered. At the same time, central and northern Italian states rebelled against their independent rulers in hope of creating a pan-Italian country. -
German Unification
An aristocrat named Otto von Bismarck pushed German unification. Prussia controlled German lands and in 1862, Bismarck improved training to prepare for war. Bismarck provoked a conflict with Austria over an unrelated border dispute and Prussia crushed the collapsing Austrian army. The peace settlement forced Austria to officially remove itself from all German affairs. Later on France lost to Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War allowing Prussia to declare the German Empire.
