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Flying shuttle
The flying shuttle is a type of weaving shuttle. It was a pivotal advancement in the mechanisation of weaving during the initial stages of the Industrial Revolution, and facilitated the weaving of considerably broader fabrics, enabling the production of wider textiles. -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution or First Industrial Revolution is the process of economic, social and technological transformation that began in the second half of the 18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain. -
Spinning jenny
The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 or 1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England. -
Water frame
The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water-wheel. Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1769,designed a model for the production of cotton thread, which was first used in 1765.[2][3] The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before -
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
The American Revolutionary War was a war that pitted the original Thirteen British Colonies in North America against the Kingdom of Great Britain. -
Declaration of Independence of the USA
The colonists proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America on 4 July 1776. Great Britain finally recognised the independence of the new nation in 1783. This was a significant triumph for the Enlightenment. -
Spinning mule
The spinning mule is a machine used to spin cotton and other fibres. They were used extensively from the late 18th to the early 20th century in the mills of Lancashire and elsewhere. Mules were worked in pairs by a minder, with the help of two boys: the little piecer and the big or side piecer. -
Treaty of Versailles
After two years of vacillation and delay, Great Britain and the future United States of America signed, on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Versailles, which also involved France, Spain, and the Netherlands and officially marked the end of the War of American Independence. -
Power weaving loom
A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. The first power loom was designed and patented in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright -
CONSTITUTION OF THE USA
The United States Constitution was written in 1787. It established a federal republic based on popular sovereignty and the separation of powers. It also recognised the legal equality of all citizens, although in most states suffrage was limited. This meant that only male citizens with a certain level of wealth and property could vote in elections. -
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REIGN OF CHARLES IV
Charles IV of Spain, called "the Hunter", was king of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. -
Calling of the States General
The calling of the Estates General: in 1789 Louis XVI decided to call together the Estates General in order to increase taxes. -
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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The National Assembly: at the meeting of the Estates General, the Third Estate proposed a new voting system in which each representative would have an individual vote. When the king refused, the members of the Third Estate declared themselves the true representatives of the nation. They formed a National Assembly and demanded a constitution. -
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CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
The Constituent Assembly: the king finally agreed to the Third Estate’s demands. A new Constituent Assembly was elected to write a constitution. At the same time, protesters began to riot in the -
Storming of the Bastille
During the The Constituent Assembly, protesters began to riot in the streets of Paris, and on 14 July 1789, they attacked the Bastille (a famous political prison). -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
In reaction to these protests, the Constituent Assembly implemented legal reforms, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The declaration stated that all men are born free and equal in their rights. -
Adoption of the first French constitution
The French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. One of the basic precepts of the French Revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. -
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LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
The Legislative Assembly: a new Legislative Assembly was elected. It was dominated by two groups, the Girondins and the Jacobins. Louis XVI opposed the reforms of the Legislative Assembly and asked Austria for support. In response, the assembly abolished the monarchy in September 1792 and declared France a republic. -
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NATIONAL CONVENTION
The Convention: after the election of a new assembly known as the Convention, Louis XVI was accused of treason and then executed in January 1793. One month later, some European countries formed a coalition and declared war on France to prevent the revolution from spreading to other areas. Under the leadership of Robespierre, the Jacobins took control of the government and imposed a dictatorship, known as the Terror: about 42 000 people were executed during this period. -
Execution of Louis XVI
When a final decision on the question of a respite was taken on January 19, Louis was condemned to death by 380 votes to 310. He was guillotined in the Place de la Révolution in Paris on January 21, 1793. Nine months later his wife met the same fate -
Peace of Basel
Treaty of Basel (1795), an agreement between France and Spain that restored to Spain peninsular territory lost during the Franco-Spanish War (1793–1795) and gave France Santo Domingo. -
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DIRECTORY
The Directory was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until 10 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate -
Napoleon's coup d'état
The coup d'état of 18 Brumaire brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France. -
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THE CONSULATE
The Consulate was the top-level government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. The terms were later confirmed by the March 1801 Treaty of Aranjuez. -
Invention of the locomotive
In 1802 Trevithick took out a patent for his high-pressure steam engine. -
Adoption of the Napoleonic civil code
The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established during the French Consulate period in 1804 and still in force, although frequently amended since. It was the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe -
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NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
It was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815. -
Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) -
Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Austerlitz, (December 2, 1805), the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's greatest victories. The battle took place at Austerlitz in Moravia (now Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic). Napoleon's 68,000 troops defeated almost 90,000 Russians and Austrians -
Establishment of the continental blockade
The Continental Blockade was a large-scale embargo by Napoleon Bonaparte against the British Empire from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars. -
Launch of the first steamship
In 1787 John Fitch sailed the first prototype steamboat on the Delaware River. But it was not until 1807 that Robert Fulton carried out the construction and marketing of the first steamboat in history. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Secret agreement signed on 27 October 1807 between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon. Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions, assigned to the Duke of Parma, France and Spanish minister Godoy. Within seven months the government of Spain had collapsed and two Spanish kings abdicated; in August 1808 Napoleon imposed his brother Joseph as King of Spain -
Tumult of Aranjuez
The Tumult of Aranjuez was an uprising led against King Charles IV that took place in the town of Aranjuez, Spain, on 17–19 March 1808. The event, which is celebrated annually in the first week of September, commemorates the fall of the monarch and the subsequent accession of his son Ferdinand VII -
Second of May Uprising
The Dos de Mayo or Second of May Uprising took place in Madrid, Spain, on 2–3 May 1808. The rebellion, mainly by civilians, with some isolated military action by junior officers, was against the occupation of the city by French troops, and was violently repressed by the French Imperial forces, with hundreds of public executions. -
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SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish War of Independence was a military conflict that occurred between 1808 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose intention was to install on the Spanish throne to Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, after the Bayonne abdications. -
Abdications of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne took place on 7 May 1808 in Bayonne when the French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings to renounce the throne in his favour. The move was Napoleon's response to the Tumult of Aranjuez (17–19 March), when Ferdinand VII forced his father's first abdication, and the uprising of 2 May against French troops in Spain (present in accordance with the Treaty of Fontainebleau). Napoleon in his turn handed the crown of Spain to his brother Joseph Bonaparte. -
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REIGN OF JOSEPH I
From 1808 Napoleon became increasingly dissatisfied with Joseph’s conduct. Called away from Naples to become king of Spain, Joseph was forced to leave Madrid hastily when Spanish insurgents defeated French forces at Baylen. He was reinstated by Napoleon at the close of 1808 and thereafter was kept in a subordinate position that led him on four occasions to offer to abdicate. -
Battle of Bailén
The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 between the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by General Francisco Javier Castaños and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang. This battle was the first open-field defeat of a Napoleonic army. The heaviest fighting took place near Bailén (sometimes anglicized Baylen), a village by the Guadalquivir river in the Jaén province of southern Spain -
Convocation of the courts of Cadiz
The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional cortes (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous ones -
Luddites peak activity
The Luddites were members of a 19th-century movement of English textile workers which opposed the use of certain types of cost-saving machinery, often by destroying the machines in clandestine raids. -
Approval of "La Pepa"
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, also known as the Constitution of Cádiz and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest codified constitutions in world history. The Constitution was ratified on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz, the first Spanish legislature that included delegates from the entire nation and its possessions, including Spanish America and the Philippines. "It defined Spanish and Spanish American liberalism country". -
Treaty of Vallençay
The Treaty of Valençay (8 December 1813). Napoleon Bonaparte, realizing that France was defeated in the Peninsular War and wishing to reestablish an alliance with Spain, intended the Treaty as the preliminary to a full peace treaty between France and Spain. The agreement provided for the withdrawal of French troops from Spain, and the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain, imprisoned at Valençay since 1808, to the Spanish throne usurped by Joseph Bonaparte. -
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VIENNA CONGRESS
The Congress of Vienna[1] of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte -
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ABSOLUTIST SEXENNIUM
Se denomina así a los seis años desde que se produjo la restauración de la monarquía absoluta en 1814 en España, hasta el inicio de la experiencia liberal de 1820. Antes de finalizar la guerra de la independencia, los elementos del Antiguo Régimen se reorganizaron y prepararon el camino a la vuelta del absolutismo en 1814, marcada por seis años de inmovilismo. Por el tratado de Valençay de 11 de diciembre de 1813, Napoleón reconoció como rey de España a Fernando VII. -
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
Creation of the Holy Alliance
Holy Alliance was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It was established after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris in 1815. -
Independence of Argentina
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Independence of Chile
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Independence of Colombia
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First liberal revolutionary wave
In Spain and Portugal there were liberal revolutions that aimed to establish constitutional monarchies. In Portugal this succeeded, but in Spain absolutism was re-established after three years of liberal rule known as the Liberal Triennium.
Greece wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1821 -
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LIBERAL TRIENNIUM
The Trienio Liberal or Three Liberal Years was a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII. -
Independence of Mexico
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OMINOUS DECADE
The Ominous Decade is a term for the last ten years of the reign of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, dating from the abolition of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, on 1 October 1823, to his death on 29 September 1833. -
Independence of Peru
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First commercial train
On September 27, 1825, Locomotion No. 1 became the world's first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, in North East England. Locomotion No. 1 was built by George Stephenson at his son Robert's company, the Robert Stephenson and Company. -
Invention of the steam engine
Watt's steam engine, also known as Watt's steam engine, was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically between 1763 and 1827, with the support of Matthew Boulton -
Second liberal revolutionary wave
During the Restoration in France, the Bourbons had returned to the throne. First, Louis XVIII ruled from 1814 to 1824, followed by his brother, Charles X, from 1824 to 1830. Charles X strengthened the absolute monarchy and suppressed liberties.
The revolution began when Charles X approved various decrees, such as the restriction of press freedom, without consulting the Legislative Assembly. -
Creation of the first trade unions
In the 1830s the first trade union began to appear. These were associations of workers in the same industry, which offered mutual assistance in the case of accident or injury and demanded better working conditions. Trade unions also tried to use strikes when negotiations with business owners failed. European governments made both trade unions and strikes illegal, although unions continued to operate. -
The Pragmatic Sanction
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 was a pragmatic sanction approved by Ferdinand VII of Spain on March 29, 1830. It annulled the agreed Order of May 10, 1713 of Philip V which, made it impossible for women to access the Throne, which is why it is commonly called the "Salic Law". The Pragmatic Sanction of 1789 thus reestablished the traditional succession system of the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X of Castile, according to which women could reign if they did not have male brothers. -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
The regency of María Cristina de Borbón constitutes the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, during which her mother María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias assumed the functions corresponding to the Crown (1833-1840) -
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy: The conservative and devolutionist supporters of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón, became known as Carlists, while the progressive and centralist supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, were called Liberals, cristinos or isabelinos -
Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal
The ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal, more often referred to simply as la Desamortización in Spanish, were a set of decrees that resulted in the expropriation and privatisation of monastic properties in Spain from 1835 to 1837. -
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CHARTIST MOVEMENT
At the same time, the Chartist movement emerged (1838-1848) in Great Britain. Chartists petitioned Parliament demanding political reforms, such as universal manhood suffrage and salaries for members of parliament (MPs). This would make it possible to pass laws that would protect workers' interests, and would also allow workers to become MPs. However, these petitions were rejected. -
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REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
Espartero's regency was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because, after the triumph of the "revolution of 1840" that put an end to the regency of María Cristina de Borbón, mother of the future queen Isabel II -
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EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
The Reign of Isabella II of Spain has been seen as being essential to the modern history of Spain. Her reign spanned the death of Ferdinand VII of Spain in 1833 until the Spanish Glorious Revolution of 1868, which forced the Queen into exile and established a liberal state in Spain -
Third liberal revolutionary wave
1848 marked a more radical phase of the 19th-century revolutions, as the petite bourgeoisie and workers advocated democratic principles that would give them access to political power. These revolutions failed everywhere except in France. -
Communist manifesto
The Manifesto of the Communist Party, often called simply the Communist Manifesto, is an early text by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels written as a manifesto between 1847 and 1848. -
Ecclesiastical confiscations of Madoz
During the progressive biennium (at the head of which Baldomero Espartero was again together with O'Donnell) the Minister of Finance Pascual Madoz carried out a new confiscation (1855) that was executed with greater control than that of Mendizábal. On Thursday, May 3, 1855, the Instruction to carry it out was published in La Gaceta de Madrid and on June 3. -
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION
The unification of Italy was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in 1861 in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy -
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FIRST INTERNATIONAL
The First International, also known as the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), was founded in London in 1864. It included working-class organisations and advocates of revolutionary ideologies from various countries, such as trade unionists, anarchists and Marxists. Its objective was to coordinate workers' action all over the world. -
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GERMAN UNIFICATION
The unification of Germany was a historical process that took place in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe and that ended with the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, bringing together various hitherto independent states. -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
The Provisional Government (1868–1871) was a provisional government formed in Spain between the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of Spain on 30 September 1868 after the Glorious Revolution, and the inauguration of the new King Amadeo I of Spain before the Cortes on 2 January 1871. -
Constitution of 1869
The Spanish Constitution of 1869, enacted on 1 June 1869. The constitution was adopted by the Spanish Provisional Government of 1868-1871 which was formed after the successful Glorious Revolution of 1868 that ended the autocratic reign of Isabel II of Spain, creating a constitutional monarchy, with Marshal Francisco Serrano, as regent, recognizing the freedom of religion for the first time -
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REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
Amadeo I, also known as Amadeus, was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The first and only King of Spain to come from the House of Savoy, he was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta, the usual title for a second son in the Savoyard dynasty. -
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Between 1870 and 1914, the Second Industrial Revolution took place (also known as the Technological Revolution). It was characterised by rapid industrialisation due mainly to the increase in the importance of the financial sector’ in industry and the rise of finance capitalism. -
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FIRST REPUBLIC
The Spanish Republic, historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.
The Republic's founding ensued after the abdication of King Amadeo on 10 February 1873. On the next day the republic was proclaimed by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. The period was beset by tensions between federal republicans and unitarian republicans. -
Foundation of the PSOE
On 2 May 1879 the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) was formed, followed in 1888, after several conferences, by the formation of the socialist union UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores - General Workers' Union). -
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL
The Second International was established in Paris in 1889. It called for an eight-hour working day and established 1 May as an international day of protest for workers' rights.
Unlike the IWA, the Second International only included socialist parties, and the trade unions and anarchists were not members. It was dissolved when the First World War began in 1914. -
Foundation of the CNT
The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions, which was long affiliated with the (AIT). When working with the latter group it was also known as CNT-AIT. Historically, the CNT has also been affiliated with the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (English: Iberian Anarchist Federation); thus, it has also been referred to as the CNT-FAI. Throughout its history, it has played a major role in the Spanish labor movement.