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Muhammad has visions while meditating in a cave and begins to preach to people about monotheism and the teachings of Allah; he gains followers and establishes the new religion of Islam.
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Muhammad is forced to leave Mecca, he travels to Medina, also creating the Constitution of Medina establishing the first Islamic state.
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Muhammad died and Abu Bakr became the first caliph; he lead according to religious and political laws in addition to unifying and expanding the Islamic empire.
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Caliph Umar led conquests that upset Syria, Persia and Egypt, as well as guaranteeing religious freedom for “People of the Book”; he additionally successfully created accounting for taxation systems.
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The Battle of Yarmouk was fought by the Muslim Arab forces versus the Eastern Romans; it lasted for 6 days and the Muslims eventually won, which ended Byzantine rule in Syria.
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The Sassanid Empire had ruled Persia for a very long time until the caliph Umar ordered a full invasion in 642, causing the Sassanids to eventually fall in 651; Islam grew gradually to become a dominant religion during this time.
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Caliph Uthman came up with a single Qur’an for all as well as appointing family members into the government; he was later assassinated.
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Ali was competing to be the Caliph with Mu’awiyah and was eventually tricked into giving the power up to Mu’awiyah; he died by assassination from some of his followers.
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Tariq Ibn Ziyad was a very influential general of the Umayyad dynasty; he expanded Islamic territory and covered lots of the Mediterranean region, in addition to the Iberian peninsula.
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Fought between the cities of Poitiers and Tours in north-central France, the Battle of Tours (aka Battle of Poitiers) marked the end of Islam’s northward expansion into Europe; Charles Martel was seen as a champion of Christianity, preserving it as a religion of Europe.
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After the Battle of tours, the Umayyad dynasty and the expansion of Islam comes to an end.