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The New Political Parties
Partie Rouge: Led by Dorion, it focused on the French
Clear Grits: Led by Brown, focused on the English -
Reasons for the conferences
Canada had economic problems because the Americans did not want to renew the Reciprocity treaty and the demand for timber was dropping -
Charlottetown Conference
Leaders of Canada East and Canada West meet with the leaders of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Pricne Edward Island.
It ended with them agreeing to discuss a merger. -
Quebec Conference
Newfoundland joined in on the conference.
They agreed on a federal system, each colony would get 24 seats, the assembly would be elected by the rep by pop system, and they would build a railway between the two colonies Newfoundland and PEI withdrew because the railway wouldn't benifit them as they are islands
The Parti Rouge didn't want the federation The assembly of Canada just passed -
London Conference
The 4 provinces asked Britain for permission to create the confederation
Britain approved and created the Dominion of Canada
Created under the Britsh North America Act
Contained Quebec, Ontatrio, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia The federal controlled sections inculded: Defense, banking and money, postal service and criminal law
the provincial controlled sections included: education, municipal institutions, hospitals and property and civil rights.
they shared immigration and agriculture -
The 3 Levels of Government
Executive: it makes the decisions about administration. The power is held by cabinet. Legislative: It makes or ammends laws and is in charge of taxes. The power is held by the House of Commons Judicial: Makes sure that the laws are applied. The judges are chosen by the cabinet and they are judges for life. -
Period: to
The Growth of Canada
1870: North West Territories1870: Manitoba1871: British Columbia1873: Prince Edward Island1898: Yukon 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan1949: Newfoundland1999: Nunavut -
Period: to
1st Phase of Industrialisation
it changed from skilled craftsmen to unskilled workers so the work would be more efficient and finished quicker
main industries: food processings, textiles, wood
the national policy favored immigration
the birth rate was still high
farms were still over crowded
people were moving to urban areas because there were more job oppertunities for unskilled workers
there were better jobs in USA, Ontario and Western Canada
there were very difficult working conditions and very low salaries -
Period: to
1st Phase Cont.
Unions started forming
the growth in population made the cities start to grow
the rich lived well but most did not
a lot of pollution
a very high mortality rate
Women married young and had many children
they were forced to obey their husbands
had very few rights and no education
The church was in charge of registering births, deaths, and marriages
they controlled education, orphanages , shelters, charities and religious festivals
the church attendance was very high (Roman Catholic) -
The National Policy
Federal Government needed to unify the provinces
It was created by Jonh A. Macdonald
three main points:
1- Increase custom duties to protect Canadian goods
2- Build Railways to unify people and increase trade
3- Encourage immigration because the bigger the population the bigger the market is -
Improvemens in Agriculture
Quebec went from wheat to dairy
the farms were over crowded so the government encouraged people to farm new areas -
The Northwest Rebellions
1st Prime Minister was power hungry
Metis considered themselves independant of Canadian Law
Led by Louis Riel
Uprising started in Saskatchewan
It was quickly put down
Louis Riel was hung for his crimes -
The difference between Imperialism and Nationalism
Imperialism: you identify with the crown or Mother Country
Nationalism: you indentify with your nation -
Period: to
World War 1
as soon as Britain went to war, Canada did as well
Canada did not go on its own free will
factories were converted to make weapons
women started to work and helped the army as nurses
this was the start of women's rights as they got the right to vote in their husband's name if their husband was serving in the war
there was a Conscription Crisis (people were forced to participate in the war and fight in the army)
huge boost in population after the war
recognized in the League of Nations -
Period: to
The Great Depression
People were buying shares and borrowing money but when the debts were called the stocks dropped
On Black Thursday the stocks dropped to zero and people lost most of their money
the growth in population from WW1 stopped
people stopped spending money
most sectors of the economy were hit
there were massive lay- offs
the government tried to hep by offering solutions:
1- Public Work Projects
2- Work Camps
3- Direct Aid
4- Encouraged Farming
President F.D.R proposed the New Deal -
2nd Phase of Industrialisation
mostly based on natural resources (minerals, plup and paper)
New factories opened that were financed by USA and Britain
New railroads were built
strong division between the rich and the poor
very hard working conditions
some women got jobs as trachers or nurses
trade unions grew
women hate to fight for the right to vote in the federal election -
Statute of Westminister
it gave the federal government power over foreign affairs -
Period: to
World War Two
Canada went on its own accord
women's participation increased
still an ethical issue
there was another conscription crisis
after:
there was a boost in the economy
the Baby Boom
increase in immigration -
Period: to
Duplessis' rule
the church: it still education, hospitals, orphanages, and welfare services. it was also influencial in the government. it continued to promote large families and rural life rural life: believed to be the best to promote large families and religious values. Agriculture was at the heart of Quebec's economy. The state: he believed the state should not intervene in the social or economic sectors (simply a supporting role) -
The Quiet Revolution
a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec
3 main features:
1- make the Quebec government the main force behind the social and economic developpement of Quebec
2- modernize Quebec's education system
3- weaken the influence of the Church
there are now more intullectuals
Union membership doubled
Quebecers were upset that they werent getting paid the same amount as anglophones
Terrorist organisations formed (F.L.Q) to gain independance for Quebec -
The Invention of the Pill
it is a birth control method -
Office de la Langue Francaise
created to promote the french language -
Formation of the Parti Quebecois
formed by Rene Levesque -
Bill 101
Only French signs were allowed in public spaces
only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools the battle between the french and the english still continues today with Bill 178 and Bill 86 -
The October Crisis
FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte
Trudeua used the war measures act to call out the army
Arrested hundreds of FLQ members
Laporte's body is found
Cross is released -
The Referendum of 1980
done by Rene Levesque
60% voted agaisnt
to unify the country Trudeau met with the Canadian leaders and eveyone except Quebec voted in favor of Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was signed anyway -
The Meech Lake Accord
denied by Newfoundland and Manitoba -
The Oka Conflict
Mohawk warriors made road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka
a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land
lasted 78 days
it ended with a stand off -
The Charlottetown Agreement
voted agaisnt by the people -
The Second Referendum
led by Jacques Parizeau
50.6% against and 49.4% for
