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The Reign of Charles IV refers to the period during which Charles IV, also known as Charles the Fair, ruled as the King of France. Charles IV's reign spanned from 1322 to 1328.
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The reign of Joseph I refers to the period during which Joseph I served as the Holy Roman Emperor. Joseph I was the Holy Roman Emperor. He ruled from 1705 to 1711.
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The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. It aimed to secure the inheritance rights of his daughter, Maria Theresa.
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The Flying Shuttle was a key invention in the textile industry that played a crucial role in the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution. -
The Water Frame was a significant invention in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. was invented by Richard Arkwright in the late 1760s. -
The Spinning Jenny was a significant invention in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. -
The invention of the steam engine is attributed to several inventors and developments over time, but one of the key figures associated with the early practical application of steam power is James Watt. -
The American War of Independence, also known as the American Revolutionary War, occurred between 1775 and 1783. It was fought between Great Britain and thirteen North American colonies that sought to gain independence. The war culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, recognizing the United States as an independent nation.
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The first Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on October 24, 1777, between Spain and Portugal. This treaty was primarily focused on territorial issues in South America. The second Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on October 1, 1800, between France and Spain. This treaty had significant implications for the European geopolitical landscape and was part of the broader context of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Spinning Mule was another important invention in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779. -
The power weaving loom, often referred to simply as a power loom, was a revolutionary invention in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. Edmund Cartwright's power loom, one of the early versions of the power weaving loom, was invented in 1785. -
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in 1789 Louis XVI decided to call together the Estates General in order to increase taxes. -
At the meeting of the Estates General, the Thrid Estate proposed a new voting systemin which each representative would have an individual one. -
The king finally agreed to the Third Estate,s demands. A new Constituent Assembly was elected to write a constitution.
On 14 july 1789, attacked the Bastille. -
A new Assembly was elected. It was dominated by two grops, the Girondins and the Jacobins, the assembly abolished the monarchy in September 1792 and declared France a republic. -
Louis XVI was accused of treason and the exacuted in January1793. One month later, some European countries formed a coalition and declared war on France to prevent the revolution from spreading to other areas. -
By 1795, France,s moderate middle class had gained control of the country, and they established the Directory. In 1799, there was a military coup and General Napoleon Bonaparte established a new form of government called the Consulate. This was a group of three leaders which included Napoleon himself as First Consul. -
Another Treaty of Basel was signed on July 22, 1795, between the French Republic and Spain, marking Spain's exit from the war against France. Spain, having suffered military defeats, decided to make a separate peace with France. -
The First Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century. It marked a significant shift from agrarian and manual labor-based economies to industrial and machine-based economies.
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The first successful steamship was the "Charlotte Dundas," built by Scottish engineer William Symington and launched in 1803. -
He established the Civil Code, a setof laws that applied equally to all citizens. New legal concepts, such as civil marriage, divorce, adoption and public education. Napoleon expanded his new empire as a reslt of numerous military victories over other European pwers. Napoleon defeated all og the contries that were allied against France, except of Great Britain. -
Spain supported Napoleon in the war against Great Britain, and in 1807 Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with France.
French forces occupied Spain and sent Carlos IV and his son Fernando to Bayonne. Then, Carlos IV and Fernando renounced their rigjts to the Spanish Throne in favour of Napoleon. Then, Napoleon made his own brother, Josep Bonaparte, the new King of Spain in 1808 -
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a significant agreement signed on October 27, 1807, during the Napoleonic era. It was negotiated between Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, and Charles IV of Spain. The treaty had far-reaching consequences for the political and territorial landscape of Europe. -
The Revolt of Aranjuez was a significant event that took place in March 1808 in the town of Aranjuez, Spain. It played a crucial role in the broader context of the Peninsular War and the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. -
The Abdications of Bayonne refer to the abdication of the Spanish monarchs, Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII, in favor of Napoleon Bonaparte during the events that unfolded in the city of Bayonne in 1808. -
The Uprising of the People of Madrid, also known as the Dos de Mayo Uprising, was a pivotal event that occurred on May 2, 1808, during the Peninsular War. This uprising marked a significant moment of resistance by the Spanish people against French occupation and played a crucial role in the broader struggle for independence. -
The Battle of Bailén was a significant military engagement that took place during the early stages of the Peninsular War on July 16-19, 1808. It marked a notable victory for Spanish and, to some extent, British forces over the French army. -
The Convocation of the Courts of Cádiz refers to the gathering of the Cortes Generales, the Spanish Parliament, in the city of Cádiz during the early 19th century. This event is particularly associated with the drafting of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. -
"La Pepa" is a colloquial term for the Spanish Constitution of 1812, and its approval is closely linked to the Convocation of the Courts of Cádiz. "La Pepa" is a nickname derived from "La Pepa de la Constitución," referring to the Constitution of 1812. It was officially titled the Spanish Constitution of 1812. -
The Treaty of Valençay refers to an agreement signed on December 11, 1813, between Napoleon Bonaparte and Ferdinand VII of Spain. The treaty marked a diplomatic episode during the Napoleonic era and had implications for Spanish politics and the broader European context. -
The Luddites were a social movement of English textile workers who emerged during the early 19th century, particularly in the period between 1811 and 1816. -
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Political changes, the end of absolute monarchy, such as constitutional monarchies and republics. New constitutions were based on popular sovereignty and the separation of powers, also established limited male suffrage and civil rights. Economic changes. All citizens pay taxes. New laws guaranteed private property rights and free trade. Social changes. The estates system ceased to exist. -
The independence of Argentina refers to the process by which the country gained its independence from Spanish rule during the early 19th century. The Argentine War of Independence was a series of military conflicts and political events that eventually led to Argentina's declaration of independence. -
The independence of Chile refers to the process by which Chile achieved its independence from Spanish colonial rule during the early 19th century. The struggle for Chilean independence was part of the broader context of the Latin American wars of independence. -
The independence of Colombia refers to the process by which the territory that now forms the modern-day country of Colombia gained independence from Spanish rule during the early 19th century. This independence movement was part of the broader context of the Latin American wars of independence. -
The Trienio Liberal emerged from 1820 to 1823. The period was marked by significant political changes in Spain. It followed the restoration of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the liberalization of political institutions.
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The independence of Peru refers to the process by which Peru gained independence from Spanish colonial rule during the early 19th century. The struggle for Peruvian independence was part of the broader context of the Latin American wars of independence. -
The independence of Mexico refers to the process by which Mexico gained independence from Spanish colonial rule during the early 19th century. The Mexican War of Independence, lasting from 1810 to 1821, was a complex series of events and battles that eventually led to the establishment of the independent nation of Mexico. -
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The first commercial train journey is often attributed to the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England. The inaugural passenger service took place on September 27, 1825. -
The development and improvement of steam locomotives, particularly George Stephenson's most famous locomotive, "The Rocket," occurred in the early 19th century. "The Rocket" was built in 1829, and this period is often considered the significant milestone in the history of steam locomotives and railways. -
The First Carlist War was a conflict that took place in Spain from 1833 to 1839. The First Carlist War was emerged by a succession dispute over the Spanish throne following the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1833.
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The Regency of Maria Christina refers to the period during which Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies served as the regent of Spain. Maria Christina served as regent of Spain from 1833 to 1840 during the minority of her daughter, Isabella II.
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Mendizábal was the Spanish Minister of Finance under the regency of Maria Christina during the early years of Isabella II's reign (1833-1868). The expropriation of Mendizábal refers to the policy of expropriating or confiscating church properties in Spain, particularly during the ministerial tenure of Juan Álvarez Mendizábal. -
The Chartist Movement was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain during the first half of the 19th century, particularly in the years 1838 to 1857.
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The Regency of Espartero refers to the period when Baldomero Espartero served as regent of Spain during the mid-19th century. Baldomero Espartero served as regent of Spain from 1840 to 1843. Baldomero Espartero was a military leader who rose to prominence during the Carlist Wars. He played a significant role in the conflicts of the time.
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The Communist Manifesto was drafted by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and was first published in 1848. -
Trade unions are organizations formed by workers to protect their rights, advocate for better working conditions, and negotiate with employers. The creation and development of the first trade unions occurred over a period spanning the late 18th to the 19th century, particularly during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. -
The Expropriation of Madoz, or Madoz Law, refers to the policy of expropriating or confiscating communal lands, including those owned by municipalities and the Catholic Church, in Spain. -
The First International, also known as the International Workingmen's Association, was a significant organization formed in the mid-19th century that aimed to unite workers and socialist groups from various countries. -
The Provisional Government led by Francisco Serrano was a key political development during the mid-19th century in Spain. Francisco Serrano served as regent of Spain during different periods. His regency was associated with the political changes and challenges faced by Spain in the mid-19th century.
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The Constitution of 1869 refers to the constitutional document adopted in Spain in 1869. This constitution marked a significant period in Spanish history, reflecting political changes and transitions. -
The reign of Amadeus I of Savoy, also known as Amadeo I of Spain, refers to the brief period during which he served as the king of Spain. Amadeus I of Savoy reigned as the king of Spain from November 16, 1870, to February 11, 1873. Amadeus, a member of the House of Savoy, was elected to the Spanish throne following a complex series of events that included the abdication of Queen Isabella II and the establishment of the First Spanish Republic.
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The Second Industrial Revolution (1873-1914) brought about significant changes in technology, economy, and society.
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The First Spanish Republic was a short-lived political experiment in Spain that took place in the late 19th century. The establishment of the republic occurred amid political instability, economic challenges, and dissatisfaction with the monarchy. It was a response to the complex political landscape of the time. -
The foundation of the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español), or Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, is a significant event in Spanish political history. The PSOE is one of the major political parties in Spain and has played a crucial role in the country's politics. The PSOE was founded on May 2, 1879, making it one of the oldest political parties in Spain. -
The Second International was an international organization of socialist and labor parties that existed from 1889 to 1916. It was the successor to the First International and played a significant role in the socialist and workers' movements during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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The foundation of the CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo), or National Confederation of Labor, is a key event in the history of Spanish labor movements. The CNT is an anarcho-syndicalist trade union that has played a significant role in advocating for workers' rights and social change. The CNT was founded on October 31, 1910, in Barcelona, Spain. -
Queen Elizabeth II ascended to the throne on February 6, 1952, following the death of her father, King George VI.