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Publication of What is the Third Estate?
- by Abbe Sieyes
- Abbe is a male
- He claims that the Third Estate is essentially the Nation
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The Estates General opens at Versailles
- Estates General: a body of deputies from the three estates, or orders, of France
- the Clergy (First Estate)
- the nobility (Second Estate)
- everyone else (Third Estate)
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Convening of the Estates General
- In May -Last time the Estates General was called into session was 1614
- The Third Estate demand an equal representation.
- The Estate presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”
- Called for rights from the King and other two estates.
- Locked out of Estates General by King
- Third Estate vows to have their body of representatives recognized -
The Tennis Court Oath
- Third estate got locked out of its meeting room as arrangments were being made for a royal meeting of all three estates on June 22
- Confused and mad the representatives met instead at an indoor tennis court on the palace ground and signed the oath not to break up until they had drawn up the structures of France.
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Storming the Bastille
-A rumor that the king was planning military coup against the National Assembly resulted in:
- 18 dead
- 73 wounded
- 7 guards killed. -
Path of Fear on the eve of revolution
Before the night was over:
- The feudal regime in France would be abolished.
- All Frenchman were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.
- The French Revolution had begun -
National Assembly Begins
August Decrees: August Decrees August 4- 11, 1789
- Renunciation of aristocratic privileges.
Overall goal was to:
- Safeguard the right of private property.
- Feudal dues were not renounced outright.
- Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Liberty
- Property
- Resistance to oppression
-Abolished privileges of the nobility
-Subordinated the church to the state
-Based in classical liberalism-Created the citizen and applied it to all French people, regardless of class-Declares the revolution over -
Socio-economic data
Land Ownership by Social Category:- Clergy 6-10 %- Nobility 20-25%- Bourgeoisie 30%
- Peasantry 40 50%
Each Groups as a Percentage of the Total Population:
- Clergy 2%
- Nobility 1.55- Bourgeoisie 8.4%
- Peasantry 82-87 % -
Moderate Phase Begins
- Part of the FRench Revolution
- The Moderate Phase lsated from 1789-1792
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Period: to
French Revolution and Napolean
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The Age of Montesquieu begins
- Constitional Monarchy (1789-1792)
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Adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
-It provides for the appointment of all church officers, from archbishop down
- Appointment by the National Assembly
- Gallican Catholic Church is established -
Pope Pius VI condemns two written works
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man
- The Citizen and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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The Massacre of the Champ-de-Mars
The Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American War of Independence and now Commander of the National Guard, orders his troops to fire upon a large crowd that had gathered. About fifty persons are killed. The attempted flight of the royal family and incidents such as this massacre alarm many members of the National Assembly. Many continue to fear internal and foreign conspiracies and think the Revolution is in danger of being crushed. -
National Assembly Ends
Overall goal was to:
- Safeguard the right of private property.
- Feudal dues were not renounced outright.
- Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed. -
France abolishes slavery
-The abolition of slavery with France in 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794
- Brought about by the revolution -
Legislative Assembly begins
-New Group of legislatures
Members of the National Assembly agreed not to work in the new government
-Jacobins
-Girodins War would be the focus of the Legislative Assembly-War on Austria-Reaction by French -
Storming of the Tuileries Palace
-Louis XVI of France is arrested
-taken into custody -
National Convention
-Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792. -Year I of the French Republic.
The Decree of Fraternity:
-Offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their government. -
Yearly calender dated from creation of Republic
- September 22, 1792
- Part of de-christianization program -Adoption of new Reublic Calender
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Moderate Phase ends
- Part of the French Revolution
- Moderate phase 1789-1792
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Politics of the National Convention begins
Montagnards
- Power base was in Paris.
- Garnered main support from the sans-culottes.
- Would attempt extreme measures to achieve their goals.
- Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.
- More centralized approach to government.
- King was seen a traitor. Girondists
- Power base in the provinces.
- Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.
- Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics.
- Supported more centralized national government. -
Age of Montesquieu ends
- Constitional Monarchy (1789-1792)
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The Age of Rouuseau begins
-The Republic
-(1792-1799)
-National Convention 1792-1795
-The Directory 1795-1799 -
National Convention begins
-Part of The Republic
-Part of the Age of Rousseau (1792-1799)
-In Radical State: (1792-1794) National Convention 1792-1795
-Two Factions within the Jacobins-Sans Culottes-External Wars -
Legislative Assembly ends
-New Group of legislatures
Members of the National Assembly agreed not to work in the new government
-Jacobins
-Girodins War would be the focus of the Legislative Assembly-War on Austria-Reaction by French -
Beheading a King - King Louos XIV
- Trial – January 21, 1793
- The trial of King Louis XIV was hastened by the discovery of a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.
- Documents provided information that Louis had knowledge of a foreign intervention on behalf of the king.
- National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.
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Law of General Maximum
- Part of the National Convention
-September 5, 1793 - Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 figures.
- Prices would be strictly enforced.
- Hoarders rooted out and punished.
- Food supplies would be secured by the army.
- Part of the National Convention
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Law of Suspects
- Part of the National Convention
- September 17, 1793
- This law was widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest.
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Execution of Girondinist leaders
The execution of Girondinist leaders
- Brissot
- Vergniaud
- Fauchet http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/french-revolution-timeline/#sthash.neoQkmor.dpuf -
End of French Monarchy
Conditions present before the revolution occured:
- Individuals from all social classes were discontent and dissatisfied with restrictions in society, religion, the economy and the government.
- Government is not responding to the changing needs of society.- Individuals from differing social classes of he Old Regime are coming together as a result.- (monarchy lasting from 1775-1793) -
Radical Phase Begins
-The “Second” French Revolution
National Convention:
-Girondin Rule: 1792 -1793
-Jacobin Rule: 1793 – 1794 “Reign of Terror”
-Thermidorian Reaction: 1794 – 1795- The Directory-> 1795 - 1799
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Jacobin Rule: "Reign of Terror" begins
-In Radical Phase
-Part of National Convention
-1793-1794 -"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible…let terror be the order of the day?" - Robespierre -Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months -
Vendee Revolt
- The need for 300,000 French troops for the war effort.
- Rural peasantry still highly taxed.
- Resentment of the Civil Constitution towards the Clergy.
- Peasants had failed to benefit from the sale of church lands. The Revolt targeted: - Local government officials- National guardsmen- Jurying priests.
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ReligiousTerror Begins
De-Christianization:
- The Catholic church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution.
- Religion was associated with the Ancient Regime and superstitious practices.
- Very popular among the sans-culottes.
- Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic. -
Comittee of Public Safe -Reign of Terror begins
-1793-1794
-The Republic
-Age of Rousseau Committee of Public Safety (1793-1794)
-Republic of Virtue
-Culture of Supreme Being
-Culture of Supreme Being -
Law of 22 Prairial
- Intensification of the terror
- Trials were now limited to deciding on liberty or death, with defendants not having any rights.
- Were you on “enemy of the people. The law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition.
- 1,500 executed between June & July. -
The Thermidorean Reaction
July 26 , 1794:
Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots and conspiracies.
He alienated members of the CPS and CGS
Many felt threatened by his implications.
July 27, 1794:
The Convention arrests Robespierre.
July 28th Robespierre is tried and guillotined. -
Robespierre gives speech
- Part of the Thermidorean Reaction
- July 26 , 1794:
- Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots and conspiracies.
- He alienated members of the CPS and CGS
- Many felt threatened by his implications.
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The Convention arrests Robespierre
- Part of Thermidorean Reaction
- July 27, 1794:
- The Convention arrests Robespierre.
- July 28th Robespierre is tried and guillotined.
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Robespierre is tried and guillotined
- Part of the Thermidorean Reaction
- Arrested by Convention on July 27 for his speech on July 26
- Robespierre is tried and guillotined on July 28
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Religious Terror Ends
De-Christianization Program
- The adoption of a new Republican Calendar
- Abolished Sundays and religious holidays.
-Months named after seasonal features.
- 7-day weeks replaced by 10 day decades.
-The yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic – September 22, 1792.
-Public exercise of religion was banned.
-The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” -
Committee of Public Safety - Reign of Terror ends
-1793-1794
-The Republic
-Age of Rousseau Committee of Public Safety (1793-1794)
-Republic of Virtue
-Culture of Supreme Being -
Constitution of 1795
- Ratified by the National Convention of France during the French Revolution
- Began the control of Napoleon Bonaparte
- They disregarded the Constitution of 1793, and made this one much more conservative.
- Focused on taxes, bicameral laws, and a directory with five men
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Directory government takes office
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The Directory is established
:Composed of a two house legislature
-the Council of Five Hundred
the Council of Elders. -The Legislation would be presented by the Council of Five Hundred and then accepted or unaccepted by the Council of Elders who numbered 250 members.
- Election would be ever spring in each year
-Executive power would be authorized in five Directors picked by the Elders from the list which the Council of Five Hundred endured.
-The Directory was to last four years. -
Politics of the National Convention Ends
Montagnards
- Power base was in Paris.
- Garnered main support from the sans-culottes.
- Would attempt extreme measures to achieve their goals.
- Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.
- More centralized approach to government.
- King was seen a traitor. Girondists
- Power base in the provinces.
- Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.
- Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics.
- Supported more centralized national government. -
Jacobin Rule: "Reign of Terror" Ends
In Radical Phase
-Part of National Convention
-1793-1794 -"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible…let terror be the order of the day?" - Robespierre -Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months -
National Convention ends
-Part of The Republic
-Part of the Age of Rousseau (1792-1799)
-In Radical State: (1792-1794) National Convention 1792-1795
-Two Factions within the Jacobins-Sans Culottes-External Wars -
Treaty of Campo Formio
-Signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and the Austrian monarchy
- Stated that Napoleon had victory in Italy
-Transferred all Austrian property to France, while giving Italy to France
- A redo of the Treaty of Leoben, which had failed for disagreement purposes. -
Napoleon Attempts to take over Egypt
Napoleon needed Egypt. This was because it was a huge help to Great Britain: it gave them many supplies and traded with them, and it gave them access to India. He also wanted it so he could profit from their trade. Although it was a good fight, Napoleon eventually loses, and in Syria as well. -
Directory ends
The Executive Directory, which had been a executive power in France since 1795, had been overthrow by Napoleon Bonaparte. It was replaced by a consulate. This event marked the end of the French Revolution. -
Abolition of the Constitution of 1795
- War in Europe was going badly
- Most troops were more loyal to their generals than to France -Napoleon came back to France and demanded they change the Constitution. -They did, and they abolished the directory and established a new three man executive called the consulate. One of the men included Bonaparte.
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Radical Phase Ends
- The “Second” French Revolution National Convention:
- Girondin Rule: 1792 -1793
- Jacobin Rule: 1793 – 1794 “Reign of Terror” -Thermidorian Reaction: 1794 – 1795
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Napolean takes power
Seizes Power in a Coup d'état in November 1799.
Will lead by Consulate.
Napoleon voted first consul: in effect a dictator..
Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms.
The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity. -
The Age of Rousseau ends
-The Republic
-(1792-1799)
-National Convention 1792-1795
-The Directory 1795-1799 -
The Age of Voltaire begins
-Napolean's Empire
-1799-1815 -Consulate 1799-1804 Napoleonic Empire -1804-1815 -
Louisiana Purchase
- Napolean needed money for wars
- Treaty signed by United States of the purchase from France for the Louisiana Territory -Thomas Jefferson buys this
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Napoleon becomes Emperor of France
Napoleon was already first Consul. All he needed was the Pope's blessing to become emperor. He crowned himself in 1804. Once again, Plebiscites approved his decisions, but no alternatives were offered. All hopes for a republic or a democracy were ruined. -
Battles Against Austria
- Napoleon remained invincible on land only. Austria took up arms again when Napoleon demanded that it declare neutrality in the conflict with Britain. Napoleon quickly captured 25 thousand austrain soldiers, and then marched on to Vienna. France was joined by their new ally, Russia. They defeated Austria in the battle of Austerlitz.
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The Confederation of Rhine
- Confederation of Rhine created by Napolean
- included almost all the German states except Austria and Prussia
- At this point, Italy had not been so unified since the Roman Empire.
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Napolean Establishes Continental System
-Established by Napoleon
- Prohibited all commerce between Great Birtain and France or France's dependent states and allies.
- System worked at first extensively dropping manufacturing and exports. France did this because the British ruled the seas and financed anyone who would oppse Napoleon. -
Anne-Louse-Germaine de Stael
-Napoleon aimed to modernize French society through science, but he could not tolerate critism.
-Considered Anne useless because she was a very feminist writer
- Corinne (1807) to show a women thwarted by a patriarchal system.
-On Germnay (1810) was written on an account of the important new literary currents east of the Rhine.
- Both books were banned by Napoleon. -
France invades Portugal
Napoleon sent troops through Spain to invade Portugal. Portugal at the time was a huge ally of Great Britain. The royal family fled to Brazil. He won this battle and took over both Spain and Portugal. -
Battle of Nations
-The combined power defeated Napoleon at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations.
-After the battle the Napoleonic Empire collapsed. The Confederation of the Rhine fell apart as Napoleon's previous allies turned against him.
-Napolean loses -
Decisive Battle of Napoleon Bonaparte
-Battle took place at Waterloo
-Napoleon's forces attacked the duke of Wellington's men.
-Late in the afternoon, the Prussians arrived and the rout was complete.
-Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate again. This time, he was permanently banished to a remote island called St. Helena. -
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
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The Age of Voltaire ends
-Napolean's Empire
-1799-1815 -Consulate 1799-1804 Napoleonic Empire -1804-1815