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His reign coincided with the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire.
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Its phases are:
-The Estates General and the National Assembly (May 1789 to
July 1789)
- The Constituent Assembly (July 1789 to September 1791)
- The Legislative Assembly (September 1791 to September 1792)
- The Convention (September 1792 to October 1795)
- The Directory and the Consulate (October 1795 to 1804) -
In this period, the Bastille, a politcal jale, was conquered by the people.
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Its slogan was: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité ou la mort".
This was a period of violent politcal and social change, where the absolute monarchy was abolished and the estates system ended. THis movement was promoted by: the Enlightenment ideas, a political crisis, a economic crisis and a social crisis. -
Appeared two groups:
- Jacobins: that were more radical.
- Girondins: that were more moderate. -
The head of the estate during this period, known as 'reign of terror', was Robespierre. During this period lots of people were executed by guillotine.
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During this period were several changes on government and Napoleon appeared and began to take the control.
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Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of France.
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Spain decided to support France in the war against Britain (this idea was promoted by Goody, one the most important ministers of Carlos IV). But Spain and France were defeated by the British troops.
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Spain and FRance signed this treaty to let France to pass through Spain to conquer Portugal (with the help of Spain) and then divide this territory into three parts. Because Portugal was allied with England.
Nothing of this happened, because this was a stratagem to conquer all the Iberian Peninsula (which included Spain). -
The Riot of Aranjuez scared in some way Carlos IV, so he decided to abdicate wich made his son Fernando became the new king of Spain under the name of Fernando VII
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Napoleon sent Carlos IV and his, the new king, Fernando VII to Bayonne, France.
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The war began when the people of Madrid rose up against the French occupation.
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During the war, the Spanish territory was almost conquered except Cádiz, that was the only city that did not fall.
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On the 5th of May Carlos and Fernando decided to abdciate favourising Napoleon.
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After the abdication of Carlos and Fernando, Napoleon decided to continue the monarchy in Spain but he decided that the king would be a person close to him: his brother Jose Bonaparte, who reigned in Spain under the name of Jose I Bonaparte from the 6th June of 1808 to 11th December of 1813.
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It happened in Bruch, Spain, and this battle was won the Spanish troops.
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During the war, two different governements coexisted:
- Jose I Bonaparte, the head of the French Governement in
Spain. He imposed the Bayonne Constitution-with enlightened
rerforms-. His supporters were called afrancesados, but the
most Spanish population rejected him.
- The Central Council: represented the abstent Fernando VII in
the areas not occupied by the French. It coordinated local and
provincial councils that had been elected, for the first time by the
Spanish people. -
This constitution was signed by Jose Bonaparte, the king of Spain in that time. This constitution includes:
- equality under the law
- everyone had to pay taxes
- the Catholicism was the only religion, others were not allowed -
This battle occured at the beginning of the war and it was won by the Spanish troops. It occurred in Bailén, Spain.
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It occurred in Somosierra, next to Madrid and the battle was won by the French troops.
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This battle occurred in Cuenca, Spain, and was won by the French troops.
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This battle happened in Alcañiz, Teruel (Spain), and it was won by the Spanish troops.
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It happened in Talavera de la Reina, Toledo (Spain). The Spanish troops allied with the British troops won the battle.
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As the French troops were advancing, the Central Council took refuge in Cádiz, there it changed its name to Regency Council, and after, it was called Cortes. The Cortes opposed to the French and represented the king Fernando VII.
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The Cortes of Cádiz approved the first Spanish constitution: Constitution of 1812, that represented most of the Enlightenment ideas:
- constitutional monarchy as the form of government
- popular sovereignty with limited male suffrage
- Catholicism as the state religion
- separation of powers: executive (monarch), legislative (monarch, Cortes) and judicial (courts of justice)
- guaranteed rights and freedoms: equality under the law, right to privacy, freedom of the press or prohibition of torture -
It occurred in Arapiles, Salamanca (Spain) and it was won by the Spanish troops, that were allied with Portugal and Great Britain.
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Jose Bonaparte left Madrid definitely
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This battle happened in Vitoria, Spain, and it was won by the Spanish troops lidered by the the Duke of Welington that were allied with the British and the Portuguese and also helped by the "guerrilla". This supposed the definitive defeat of the French troops in Spain.
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Napoleon forced his brother Jose to abdicate the Crown of Spain.
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When Fernando VII came back definitely to Spain we could say that the Spanish War of Independence is finished in all the ways.
