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In 1533 edward Vi died from tuberculosis so Mary I (Tudor) became the first Queen of England
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the king Henry VIII was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
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held in the Italian city of Trent = the symbol of Counter Reformation
the Roman Catholic church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church
and harshly condemned protestant heresies -
He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
He was only 9 when his father died -
The Book of Common Prayer replaced the Latin language in the book by Englisn.
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This established the idea that central and local governments had a responsibility for helping the poor.
BUT it also established a distinction between the “deserving poor” and the “undeserving poor”. -
Her death in 1558 was greeted as she had turned the nation against her.
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abolished the authority of the Pope
restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
She became “supreme governor of the Church of England”. -
Religious belief every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
Elizabeth was about to get married but a scandal spawn so she wont be married and she made a speech: Elizabeth “married to the Kingdom of England”. Her subjects being “all my husbands, my good people”.
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stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church
3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church) / a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut) / a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
still in use today -
Pope Pius V issued the papal bull “Regnans in Excelsis”
In this Papal bull the pope call Elizabeth "the so-called Queen"
“a heretic favouring heretics”. -
Mary was a thread to Elizabeth, because she made a lot of plot against Elizabeth, so Elizabeth had 3 choices
1) exile Mary
2) Keep Mary imprisoned
3) execute mary -
The Spanish Armada was a very powerful army that declare war against England, no body believed in the victory of Elizabeth but she did it!
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The two bodies theory is a theory made by Elizabeth to justify why a woman can be a Queen
natural body (that of a woman, weak)
political body (immortal, divine authority). -
She had secured the position of England in the world
She had imposed Protestantism -
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (who had been executed by Elizabeth)
James was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567
So James I was crowned after the death of Elizabeth's d -
Religion, Finance and war
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When Elizabeth died, a lot of Catholic passed a lot of hope in James I because he was the Queen Mary I son, but he continued the Elizabeth repressive laws. So the Gunpowder Plot was made by Catholic to kill James I
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establishment of Jamestown in Virginia
This is the first colonies of th Britain empire -
This period was a peridod of starvin, only 60 people of the 500 coloniest survived to this starvation Why?
Shortage of drinkable water
Insufficient growing of crops
Conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe Some settlers even turned to cannibalism -
The King would receive a fixed sum
But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore (the king would be financially independent)
The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract James dismissed Parliament -
The first important changes made by James I, was a new translation of the Bible
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Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
England at war with Spain and France -
James I ask for money for war
Parliament did not favour a direct military attack on the Spanish forces, it wanted to wage war at sea? Parliament discussing foreign policy (the prerogative of the King)! -
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Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent = an act of open defiance!
Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament.
He declared there would be no more parliaments = start of the “Personal Rule” So now Charle I would be the only one who reign in England -
the importance of the sacraments was re emphasized
sign of the cross
bowing at the name of Jesus
changes to the location of the altar in churches (very controversial)
Many Protestants saw this as a return to Catholicism -
11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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1637: the introduction of the New Prayer Book Petition opposing Charles’ religious policy: the Scottish National Covenant (1638)
Scotland and England both started to form an army
The Bishops’ Wars -
needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years (“The Short Parliament” as the MPs demanded the King to address their grievances, Charles dissolved it after only 3 weeks).
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Necessary to raise an army, but who would control it?
Parliament passed the Militia Act (1641): the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament taking away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted ! -
= an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
It was a war between The Royalists and The Parliamentarians
Parliament win because of his new model army, which is very effective -
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Thinking the war was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army BUT without paying the soldiers what they were due (at that point they hadn’t being paid for months).
This led to mutiny. In June 1647, the New Model Army seized the King -
This civil war led to the execution of the King
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Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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Is the period between two reign, a period governed by the people without a King = Commonwealth
Creatinon of Republican government -
The exetution of the King Charle I was made by the Parliament because they put the King on trial for high treason
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ordered by the Mps to leave. So they created a new parliament wich is called “The Barebones Parliament”
But internal tension in this Parliament make it dissolved -
When Cromwell died his son became Lord Protector but he led the England to a anarchy. that a new reason to support monarchy
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Charles II wanted to became King but he knowned that not everybody support him, so he dicided to promised three thing:
A general amnesty (pardon)
To continue religious toleration
To share power with Parliament
In return for the restoration of monarchy. -
It worked Charles II became the new King of England
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer
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Charles II had to take care, because two problem spawn in London:
The 2nd Anglo Dutch war
1665 outbreak of Plague
1666 Great Fire of London -
First of the problem is:
The Popish Plot 1678
Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
and the second probleme is:
The Exclusion crisis:
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne (!! Parliament trying to modify the rules of succession? Divine Right of Kings?)
Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament. -
James II fled to France and William became King William III
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Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs
Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain -
King William III and Mary II had no surviving children and all the potential Stuart successors were Catholic
The 1701 Act of Settlement:
Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs
Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain -
William died in 1702. Succeeded by Anne (last Stuart monarch), then by George I (in 1714) = Hanoverian House
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Britain gained Acadia over the French
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This is an era of succession to a lot of George
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The 1715 Jacobite Rising led by the “Old Pretender” James Francis Edward Stuart (the son of James II)
The 1745 Jacobite Rising led by the “Young Pretender” Bonnie Prince Charlie (the grandson of James II)
1746: Final defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden -
Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French
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This war is because the American wanted to be independant
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Grievances against George III
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Britain had built a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies
So the Britain started to build an empire