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Charles the First is born by James I and Anne of Denmark.
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Charles I inherited the throne of England from his father, James I. Charles' mismanagement of affairs eventually led to a civil war mainly due to incessant financial problems and also leads to the dissolution of Parliament.
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Charles I attempts to impeach Duke of Buckingham and also marches into Parliament with his Caveliers and tries to take Parliament with force. He attempts to use divine rule to justify his unstable grounds. He did this because he wanted complete power.
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When Charles I couldn't pay the Scots back for war expenses, he asked Parliament for help. Thus, resulting in the Long Parliament which was a time that the Parliament did not meet for nearly 11 years.
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Fighting began when Charles I declared war on Parliament. To go along with this, two groups, known as the Roundheads and Caveliers sided with Parliament and Charles, Roundheads with Parliament, and Caveliers with Charles.
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The English Civil War was actually three wars in succession between the Parliamentarians(Roundheads) and the Royalists(Caveliers). This War was declared by Charles I of England.
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Oliver Cromwell created the New Model Army(an army inhabited with professional fighters instead of part-time, inexperienced ones) in order to defeat Charles I and his Caveliers.
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During the second war, Charles was captured by the enemy, held, and tried, only to be charged with high treason and summoned to execution by beheading.
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The Commonwealth of England was a republic which allowed England, Scotland, and Ireland to unite, was enacted directly after Charles I's execution which enabled the Rump Parliament to begin. The Protectorate, government during mid-1650's, was led by Oliver Cromwell and his son, Richard.
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After Charles II defeated Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth of England was restored to its original monarchical government with him as the leader. Charles II enacted many new laws to England's government such as the Five Mile Act which was basically an early form of a restraining order.
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James II, Charles I's brother, took the throne in 1685 and was a cold-hearted leader who was strong in battle.
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This "glorious revolution," as it is so called, was started and led by William III (William of Orange). During this time, he conqured much land and re-established Catholicism.
