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Isabella the First helped unify Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469
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Henry VIII ruled England for 36 years, eventually leading them into the Protestant Reformation. Famously known for marrying many wives and killing them.
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As the grandson of Ferdinand II and Isabella I as well as the emperor Maximilian I, Charles inherited an empire that stretched from Germany to the Americas.
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A naval engagement that took place when a fleet of the Holy League inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.
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Was the first among Catholic monarchs to be responsible for spreading the faith to the Americas, fighting the Protestant Reformation, and more.
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An English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”
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A Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, often signed his art with his full name in Greek.
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Good King Henry or Henry the Great, brought unity and prosperity to the country after the ruinous 16th-century Wars of Religion. Although not a good strategist he was still a great military leader.
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Philip was the self-proclaimed protector of the Roman Catholic Church and sought to limit protestantism. He ultimately completed the work of unification begun by Ferdinand and Isabella
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Elizabeth I, also known as the Virgin Mary since she was never married, established Protestantism in England, defeated the Spanish Armada, and created an environment where the arts flourished.
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The Netherlands Revolution is also known as the Dutch Revolt, it was the revolt in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, who was the hereditary ruler of the provinces.
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This day was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. Over 10,000 people were killed during this massacre.
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Although they fought fiercely, an important reason why the English were able to defeat y, e Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards.
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In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity. The Edict of Nantes granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, or the Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was in essence completely Catholic. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity. -
As an able theologian, King James ordered a new translation of the Bible which became known as the Authorised King James's Version of the Bible. He also attempted to create a full governmental union during his reign which proved to be premature.
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aASpanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Its full title is "The Ingenious Gentleman Sir Quixote of La Mancha." It was originally published in two different parts, one in 1605 and one in 1615. As a founding work of Western literature, it is often labeled as the first modern novel and one of the greatest to be ever written. -
The Defenestrations of Prague were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated, it was the catalyst that activated the worst war in European history, the Thirty Years' War.
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A 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history. The estimates of total deaths caused by the conflict range from 4.5 - 8 million, while areas of Germany experienced population declines of over 50%.
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It was a small country residence and according to the Marcheal de Bassomperre, a mere gentleman would not have been overly proud of the construction.
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An English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights.
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The Long Parliament arose after the short Parliament due to an English army defeat, and thus led to a civil war.
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During Louis XIV's reign he transformed the French monarchy, which ushered in a golden age of art and literature, he presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles and established his country as the dominant European power until his death in 1715.
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The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. It recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of the empire.
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After seven years of fighting between Charles's people and Cromwell's people, many lives were claimed including Charles I who was accused of Treason and executed on January 30, 1649, outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall. -
The Navigations Act was a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies. The British Parliament passed the first act in 1651. -
Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan or the Matter, Forme and power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil.
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The causes of the wars were complex and many-layered. The English Civil War was a series of wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
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Charles the ll was King of England. His reign saw the rise of colonization and trade in India, the East Indies, and America, along with the Passage of Navigation Acts that secured Britain's future as a sea power. He also founded the Royal Society in 1660.
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Huguenots were French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin. After being persecuted by the French Catholic government they fled the country and created settlements elsewhere.
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The Glorious Revolution also called The Revolution of 1688 and The Bloodless Revolution took place from 1688 to 1689 in England. It involved the overthrow of the Catholic King James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.
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The English Bill of Rights is an act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II. This bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. -
The "Two Treatises of Government", was a major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke. It was published in 1689 but was composed some years before then.
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In the war of 1695–96, the Russian tsar Peter I the Great's forces succeeded in capturing the fortress of Azov. This resulted in Peter the Great being able to increase his maritime outlets.
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Originally sharing rule with his brother, Peter the Great became the sole ruler and Czar of Russia after his brother's death in 1696.
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Philip V also called Philippe duc d'Anjou was born December 19, 1683, in Versailles, France, and died July 9, 1746. He was the king of Spain from 1700, except for a brief period from January to August 1724, and the founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.
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The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806 and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia. In 1871, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was formed and the King of Prussia Wilhelm l was crowned German Emperor.
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It has been described as the first world war of modern times with major campaigns fought in Spain, Italy, and Germany. It was triggered by the death in 1700 of the childless Habsburg King Charles ll of Spain.
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It was built by the great Russian city and was established on May 27th, 1703.
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Bach became famous for his prestigious musical lineage and took on various organist positions during the early 18th century creating famous compositions like ' Toccata and Fugue in D minor".
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The treaty recognized Queen Anne as the legitimate sovereign of England and officially ended French support for the claims of the Jacobite party to the British throne.
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The novel Robinson Crusoe tells the story of a young and impulsive Englishmen that defies his parent's wishes and takes to the seas seeking adventure. The young Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked and castaway on a remote tropical island for 28 years. -
He was a British statesman and Whig politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minster of Great Britain.
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"Gulliver's Travels" is a 1726 prose satire. The book mainly focuses on satirizing both human nature and the "travelers' tales" literary subgenre. It is Swift's best known full-length work and a classic of English literature.
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Frederick II began his rule in 1740. As King of Prussia, his most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment.
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Maria Thresa archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia began her rule in 1740. She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty.
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Is a group of related wars that took place after the death of Emperor Charles Vl. At issue was the right of Charles's daughter MAria Thresa to inherit the Habsburg lands. The war began when Frederick ll of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740.
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Handel wrote the original version of Messiah in three to four weeks. Most historic accounts estimate the composer spent only 24 days writing the oratorio. -
The spirit of Law is a treatise on political theory as well as pioneering work in comparative law published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu.
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Denis Diderot co-created the Encyclopedia with Jean le Round d'Alembert.
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The was resulted from an attempt by the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the province of Silesia which had been taken from them by Frederick the Great.
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Candide satirical a novel published in 1759 that is the best-known work by Voltaire. It is a savage denunciation of metaphysical optimum as espoused by the German Philosopher Gorrfied Wilhelm Leibniz that reveals a world of horrors and folly.
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During his long reign the system of governing Britain through an oligarchy of powerful political managers solidified.
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Is that government attains its right to exist and to govern by "the consent of the governed" -
She reigned over Russia for 34 years. As empress Catherine westernized Russia. She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe.
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It is to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years' War. The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards. -
Tensions began to grow and in Boston, in February 1770 a patriot mob attacked British loyalists who fired a gun at them. -
The basic causes leading to the three successive partitions that eliminated Poland from the map were the decay and the internal disunity of Poland and the emergence of its neighbors Russia and Prussia as leading European Powers.
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It was an incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians.
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The first meeting met in Philadelphia to consider its reaction to the British governments restraints on trade and representative government after the Boston Tea Party.
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This was punitive law passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British Government.
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The British Army set out from Boston to capture rebel leaders Samiel Adams and John Hanock in Lexington as well as to destroy the Americans store of weapons and ammunition in Concord. -
The British army set out from Boston to capture rebel leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington as well as to destroy the Americans store of weapons and ammunition in Concord.
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The Wealth of Nations is about how it extolls the benefits of the division of labor, competition, and trade. -
It adopted the Declaration of Independence. The document was engrossed on parchment and one by one 56 representatives from all 13 colonies signed it. -
The American victory in the Battle of Saratoga helped persuade the French to recognize American independence and to openly provide American independence and openly provide military assistance.
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The Articles of Confederation are finally ratified. The Articles were signed by Congress and sent to the individual states for ratification on November 15, 1777, after 16 months of debate. -
He was the Holy Roman emperor at first coruler with his mother Maria Thresa and then sole ruler of the Austrian Habsburgs dominions.
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It entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender.
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The Treaty of Paris was signed by the U.S. and British Representatives on September 2, 1782, ending the War of the American Revolution. -
The best part of his career included The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute.
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The Constitution became the official framework for the government of the United States when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to rarify it.
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It was an event that occurred in Paris, France, in the afternoon. When revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille.
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It is the act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of the french nation during the meeting of the Estates-General at the beginning of the French REvolution.
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Great Fear, French Grande Puer in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an "aristocratic conspiracy" by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Thirds Estate.
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The Women's March on Versailles also known as the October March. the October Day or simply the March on Versailles was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
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Louis XVl has no other option but to accept the Constitution in 1791.
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The Declaration of Pilnite, was more commonly referred to as the Declaration of Pillnitz was a statement of five sentences issued on August 27,1791 at pillinitz Castle near Dresden by Fredrick William ll of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold ll who was Marie Antoinette's brother.
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This Declaration is also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman was written on September 14. 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Plympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
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It was a parliament of the French Revolution following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. It was created after the great insurrection of August 10, 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic abandoning the monarchy altogether.
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A Vindication of the Right of Woman with Strictures on Political and Moral subjects written by the 18th- century British proto-feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
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The Radical Phase of 1792-1794 is when most atrocities took place. France was ruled by a Committee for Public Safety. The moderate Period 1794-1799 was where a middle class took over.
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Marie-Antoinette was guillotined in 1793 was after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. The royal family had been compelled to leave Versailles in 1789 and live in captivity in Paris. -
Ultimately unwilling to cede his royal power to the Revolutionary government. Lous XVl was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. -
It was set up on April 6, 1793, during one of the crises of the Revolution, when France was beset by foreign and civil war. -
Was also called the Terror was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution.
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Directory, a group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year lll of the French Revolution. They were chosen by the new legislature by the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients each year one director was chosen by lot.
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Napolean established himself as the 1st consulate but did not declare himself as the sole ruler. -
The wars were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies led by Napoleon l, against a fluctuating array of European states of French domination over most of continental Europe.
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Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution. After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'etat he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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This was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Vanities during the war of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
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Also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic wars. The battle was the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's most significant victories. -
Known as the Russia Campaign, the Second Polish War, the Second Polish Campaign, the Patriotic War of 1812, and the War of 1812 was initiated by Napoleon to force Russia back into the Continental blockade of the United Kingdom.
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The Battle of Leipzig was the culmination of the German Campaign of 1813 and involved 560,00 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, and the expenditure of 400,000 rounds.
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The Congress of Vienna was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor, Napoleon l.
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Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history abdicates the throne and in the Treaty of Fontainebleau is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. -
Exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped to France in early 1815 and raised a new Grand Army that enjoyed temporary success before its crushing defeat at Waterloo against an allied force under Wellington.
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In the post-Napoleonic era, the vague consensus among the European monarchies favoring preservation of the territorial and political status quo.
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The Hundred Days also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris.
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After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg dynasty split into the breach of the Austrian Habsburg led by Ferdinand and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs initially led by Charle's son Phillip.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly 1789 is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.