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the New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale -
this union wasn't well received by the pope as Henry had just divorced from Catherine of Aragon and divorce wasn't allowed at this time by the religion -
The king was made supreme head of the church of England -
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Rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire interrupting the dissolution of the monasteries
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Impact on the clergy's finances
Disappearance of the monasteries (impacting nuns and monks) -
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
He became Lord Protector
A series of measures pushed England towards Protestantism during his reign -
it was a protestant measure -
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
First Queen of England
She restored Catholicism in 18 months
Over 200 protestants were burnt alive under her reign -
New legislation put in place by Elizabeth I
- every parish had to use the book of common prayer
- people who did not attend the Anglican service were fined -
- Abolished the authority of the Pope
- restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
- Queen became "supreme governor of the Church of England"
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• She was an unmarried woman (and only 25 when she became Queen)
• She needed to prove her legitimacy as Queen.
• Stabilised the Church of England with the "religious settlement
• Expanded England’s influence on her neighbours
• Her reign is famously associated with the idea of a golden age for the country. -
New legislation by Elizabeth I
- stated the doctrine of the Church
- 3 important changes: a new ecclesiology, a new doctrine of salvation, and a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
- still in use today -
- Rebellion against religious reforms
- 6000 insurgents
- An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary queen of Scots
- The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland
- It was crushed
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- the Pope excommunicated the Queen (= Almost giving catholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome) - Catholics were prosecuted - Protestantism increasingly associated with patriotism in England - Many catholics plots against the Queen - The Northern Rebellion of 1559
- It called Elizabeth “the so-called queen” “a heretic favouring heretics”
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- Made it illegal/a treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth I was not the true Queen of England and Wales
- Made in response of the excommunication of the Queen by the Pope
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• It provided for the death penalty for any person converting or already converted to Catholicism
• It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic mass
• Anglican services were compulsory 20 pounds per month fine -> 163 persons killed during repression in 26 years (1577-1603) -
Young Catholics wanted to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne
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- Daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise - She was raised in France as a Catholic
- Widow of the French King Francis II
- In 1568, Mary was involved in a civil war in Scotland and had to flee to England
- Elizabeth kept her imprisoned for 19 years - she was a threat to Elizabeth because of her being a legitimate heir, especially to Catholics, who plotted to replace Elizabeth by Mary - her closeness to France and Spain endangered the English Kingdom
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- the victory of England allowed material and human avantages on the side of England -> new inventions and more recruiting
- Acted as reaffirmation of the English national cohesion
- Believed that the storm which had helped defeat the Armada was God sent - Divine protection
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He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
- Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
- England at war with Spain and France Consequences:
- Huge strain on finances
- The raising of troops had important impacts on the local population
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- also King of Ireland and Scotland
- Second son of James I England and VI of Scotland
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- They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law imprisonment without trial.
- Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers
- Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating.
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- Passed by the MPs
- Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
- as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent = considered an act of open defiance!
- Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament.
- He declared there would be no more parliaments = start of the “Personal Rule”
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- The King ruled without calling a Parliament for 11 years
- Whig historians called it "The Eleven Years Tyranny"
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- Scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a New Prayer Book (Book of Common Prayer)
- Charles I’s leading opponents in Scotland signed the “Scottish National Covenant” (1638) : it was a petition opposing Charles’ religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained.
- To Charles, this was an act of open rebellion. → Scotland and England both started to form an army ↳ The Bishops’ Wars
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It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
• the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
• the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
• the right for Parliament to reform the Church It divided Parliament into 2 groups:
- The Parliamentarians
- The Royalists -
Those Civil Wars were driven by :
- religious divisions
- financial problems
- relations between King and Parliament
- governing three kingdoms -
After Charles I and troops attempted to arrest the 5 MPs in the House of Commons in January 1642 -
Marked a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken
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Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs.
- The remainder MPs (named the Rump Parliament = le Parlement Croupion) put the King on trial for high treason -
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Aftermath of the execution of King Charles I
- House of Commons has supreme authority
- England is declared a Commonwealth and is ruled as a republic -
- He raised a Scottish Army to invade England, Cromwell defeated the Scots Army in 1650 and crushed the uprising of the Scots Royalist force led by Charles II in 1651. So Charles II escaped
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a period between 2 reigns, 2 kings:
- England declared a "Commonwealth" = governed by its people without a King
- but failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell -
- The Levellers (they were in favour of equality, wanted men over 21 to have the right to vote, and religious freedom) who criticised Cromwell were imprisoned
- The Quaker James Nayler was harshly punished for imitating Christ's entry into Jerusalem
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England’s first and only written constitution -
He ordered the MPs to leave
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- His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months
- This led to a period of Anarchy → 7 governments in less than a year! People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy
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Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda
Which promised:
- A general amnesty (pardon)
- To continue religious toleration
- To share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy. -
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
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- Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne
- Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament.
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Succeeded by his brother James II
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established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants
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- Lists King James’ misdeeds
- Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers
- Set out the rights of Parliament
- Set out basic civil rights
- A key political text
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- Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs
- Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
- Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland -